background and aim: the normal response of h-reflex depression (hd) was reduced in chronic spinal cord injury (sci) patients. the reduction of this normal response can lead to increase the muscle tone and spasticity. the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tripolar cathodal stimulation on hd in sci patients.   materials and methods: this study was conducted in 10 volunteered s...

background & aim: a gag reflex (gr) can be a problem to compliance and delivery of dental treatment. the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of diospyros kaki l. fruit extract in controlling gag reflex during dental treatment. experimental: our study was a randomized double blind controlled trial with convenient sampling on 84 patients that is candidate for radiographic procedures in ...

To investigate the functional and morphologic prognoses of eyes with subfoveal hemorrhage from acute branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and to examine the effect of intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IVR) on these prognoses, we assessed 81 eyes with acute BRVO, of which 38 did not receive IVR [IVR(-) group], and 43 were treated with IVR [IVR(+) group] for macular edema. The foveal morpholog...

Background Although foveal tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) can be surgically reattached to the fovea via a dorsal approach, the foveal lesion is difficult to visualize from the dorsal side because the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) sheath floor and the superficial dorsal limb of the radioulnar ligament hinders the view of the fovea. Materials and Methods Twenty-one patients ...

Due to the inhomogenous visual representation across the visual field, humans use peripheral vision to select objects of interest and foveate them by saccadic eye movements for further scrutiny. Thus, there is usually peripheral information available before and foveal information after a saccade. In this study we investigated the integration of information across saccades. We measured reliabili...

PURPOSE Evaluate the efficacy of pegaptanib, a selective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent, and bevacizumab, a nonselective anti-VEGF agent, for retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED) associated with occult choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Prospective, comparative, nonrandomized pilot study included patient...

The fovea is one of the most studied retinal specializations in vertebrates, which consists of an invagination of the retinal tissue with high packing of cone photoreceptors, leading to high visual resolution. Between species, foveae differ morphologically in the depth and width of the foveal pit and the steepness of the foveal walls, which could influence visual perception. However, there is n...