Urban forest ecosystems are the collections of trees and other woody plants such as bushes shrubs in urban areas, well non-living (sidewalks, buildings, soil) living (people, insects, wildlife) things that interact with them. Most humans throughout world (56%) live ecosystems, so it is important these environments safe, healthy, sustainable. This article will point out forests your life. It als...

1. Knowledge of biomass partitioning is essential for estimating spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of root biomass in terrestrial ecosystems. The isometric hypothesis predicts that aboveground biomass scales isometrically with belowground biomass across both individual plants and community types (i.e. the slope of the log–log relationship between aboveand belowground biomass is not signifi...

Photo 1. Cultural landscape (upper panel) vs. seminatural forest (lower in southern Italy. The cultural the upper picture (Campotenese plain, Pollino National Park) depicts a mountain rural environment similar to that characterizing study area (Lago del Pesce) 10th century. In 14th–16th centuries, demographic collapse due Black Death outbreak led rewilding and increased cover biomass. lower is ...

The persuasive evidence of closing forest canopies across the western United States during the last century suggests that primary energy production in forest ecosystems is shifting from herbaceous and shrubby vegetation to trees. This conclusion is supported by established inverse relationships between tree crown density and forage in the form of shrubs and herbaceous plants. Shrub and herbaceo...

Recent climate warming has shifted the timing of spring and autumn vegetation phenological events in the temperate and boreal forest ecosystems of Europe. In many areas spring phenological events start earlier and autumn events switch between earlier and later onset. Consequently, the length of growing season in mid and high latitudes of European forest is extended. However, the lagged effects ...

forest ecosystems that have spent a long time to mature, offer important goods and services to humanity. hence, utilization and exploitation of these resources should be based on careful assessment of their ecological value and potential. ecological land evaluation is an approach based on land quality, vulnerability and potential assessment for different acceptable uses drawing upon related mod...

Many agent-based systems rely for their effectiveness on the intelligence of individual agents, and interaction among agents is required simply to coordinate these individually complex decisions. Specification and design methods for such systems focus on the internal architecture of individual agents. An alternative approach, “Synthetic Ecosystems,” uses relatively simple agents and draws heavi...

Global awareness of sustainability issues is growing rapidly, and business organizations are called to address wider social and environmental concerns along with economic performance. However, limited systematic knowledge exists on the interactions between forest industries and natural ecosystems. We thus investigated the role of ecosystem services in the context of China’s forest sector. A qua...

8 Human modification of ecosystems is threatening biodiversity on a global scale. 9 For example, it is estimated that, during the 1990s, 16 million ha of forest were lost 10 globally each and every year, of which 15.2 million ha were tropical forest (FAO 11 2005, 2010). Furthermore, even when the physical structure of the forest remains 12 intact, subsistence and commercial hunting has had prof...