In a de-regulated open access environment, reactive power is one of the ancillary services which must be provided by an Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed in which reactive power resources are initially so tuned that optimum security in terms of voltage profile and voltage stability are achieved while at the same time, the system losses are minimized. ...

We describe the principles of design and the architecture of planar microfluidic networks producing concentration gradients with the shape of any given monotonic function. Each microfluidic network is fed by two separate source solutions and delivers to its outlet a set of N solutions that all differ in concentration. Inside the network, the source solutions flow through a series of k = log(2)(...

Lubricant films confined in nanometric slit pores and subjected to shear flow are studied by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics in a planar Couette flow geometry. An inhomogeneous, layered density profile is developed near the confining surfaces and the shape of the velocity profile across the pore depends on the wall energetics. A nonlinear velocity profile is developed and both slippage locat...

Soldiers can wear chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing to be protected against warfare agents. The disadvantage of that clothing is that higher protection introduces higher physiological burden. Therefore an optimum between comfort and protection must be found. Models of all relevant processes were created to find this optimum. The airflow profile around a c...

High frequency oscillatory ventilation takes advantage of unique principles of gas flow when respiratory frequencies exceed 3 Hz (180 breaths per minute). These gas flow principles enable the alveolar gas turnover at volumes below or equal to physiologic deadspace. One of these principles is call asymmetrical velocity profile. As Froese and Bryan described in their “State of the Art” article on...

Solvent loss due to evaporation in a drying drop can drive capillary flows and solute migration. The flow is controlled by the evaporation profile and the geometry of the drop. We predict the flow and solute migration near a sharp corner of the perimeter under the conditions of uniform evaporation. This extends the study of Popov and Witten [Phys. Rev. E 68, 036306 (2003)], which considered a s...

Experimental studies of blood microflows in rectangular biocompatible polymer microchannels measured using micro-particle image velocimetry are reported. The data processing methods, data collection methods, and choice of channel material are demonstrated to impact the velocity profile measurements obtained. Results show that the use of red blood cells as tracer particles creates a large depth ...

conclusions this study indicated that the delivery rate accuracy of elastomeric infusion pumps is preserved after repeated usage. these laboratory findings suggested that elastomeric pumps could be safely refilled in the successive days to provide postoperative analgesia. results the mean flow rate in the three series of measurements showed a gradual increase; however, the difference was not st...