Insect flight is one of the fastest, most intense and most energy-demanding motor behaviors. It is modulated on multiple levels by the biogenic amine octopamine. Within the CNS, octopamine acts directly on the flight central pattern generator, and it affects motivational states. In the periphery, octopamine sensitizes sensory receptors, alters muscle contraction kinetics, and enhances flight mu...

Wing polymorphism is a powerful model for examining many aspects of adaptation. The wing dimorphic cricket species, Gryllus firmus, consists of a long-winged morph with functional flight muscles that is capable of flight, and two flightless morphs. One (obligately) flightless morph emerges as an adult with vestigial wings and vestigial flight muscles. The other (plastic) flightless morph emerge...

The NASA F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System project team has developed a series of flight control concepts designed to demonstrate the benefits of a neural network-based adaptive controller. The objective of the team is to develop and flight-test control systems that use neural network technology to optimize the performance of the aircraft under nominal conditions as well as stabilize the a...

BACKGROUND We have previously suggested that it is possible to predict oxygen desaturation during flight in children with cystic fibrosis and chronic lung disease by non-invasive measurement of oxygen saturation following inhalation of 15% oxygen--the pre-flight hypoxic challenge. This study reports on the results of measurements over 5 years. METHODS The study comprised a pre-flight hypoxic ...

In this paper, the virtual flight simulation environment for open-source-based avionics test system design and implementation. This paper is proposing an integrated avionics test system for flight manipulation and simulation using the commercial simulation and development software tools such as X-Plane, LabView, and Google Earth. The proposed system is designed of seven parts of user flight con...

Let X1 t1 , X 2 t2 , · · · ,X N tN be N independent Lévy processes in IR d with their respective Lévy exponents Ψj, j = 1, 2, · · · , N . The random field Xt = X 1 t1 +X 2 t2 + · · ·+X N tN , t = (t1, t2, · · · , tN ) ∈ IR N + is called the additive Lévy process. Let λd denote Lebesgue measure in IR . Define E1 + E2 = {x+ y : x ∈ E1, y ∈ E2} for any two sets E1, E2 of IR . The following theorem...

We provide explicit formulas for asymptotic densities of d-dimensional isotropic Lévy walks, when d > 1. The densities of multidimensional undershooting and overshooting Lévy walks are presented as well. Interestingly, when the number of dimensions is odd the densities of all these Lévy walks are given by elementary functions. When d is even, we can express the densities as fractional derivativ...

Recent progress in studies of animal flight mechanics is reviewed. A range of birds, and now bats, has been studied in wind tunnel facilities, revealing an array of wake patterns caused by the beating wings and also by the drag on the body. Nevertheless, the quantitative analysis of these complex wake structures shows a degree of similarity among all the different wake patterns and a close agre...

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) senesce within 2 weeks after they discontinue nest tasks in favour of foraging. Foraging involves metabolically demanding flight, which in houseflies (Musca domestica) and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) is associated with markers of ageing such as increased mortality and accumulation of oxidative damage. The role of flight in honeybee ageing is incompletely und...

2 Description of SANS Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 2.1 The Steady-State Instrument D22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 2.2 The Time-of-Flight Instrument LOQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....