In recent years, hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have been applied to extract crude oil from tight reservoirs, including the Bakken formation. There is growing interest in understanding the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the development of tight oil. We conducted a life cycle assessment of Bakken crude using data from operations throughout the supply chain, includin...

In this paper, the optimal numbers of gas and hydrogen stations are examined. Recently, the possibility of gasoline vehicles being replaced with fuel cell vehicles (FCV) is being examined in the coming hydrogen society. The realization of this scenario however needs a large number of hydrogen refueling stations, which hardly exist at the present. We first calculate the optimal number of hydroge...

In this study, we estimate variable fuel costs and total energy consumption for grid-powered electric cars using eight-year forecasts of cost per kilowatt hour for US national data coupled with real data distributions derived by daily electronic tracking the performance of a single Nissan Leaf located in Texas. These fuel costs are estimated based on a stochastic driving distance, then costs ar...

Rising greenhouse gas emissions raise the risk of severe climate change. The household sector’s greenhouse gas emissions have increased over time as more people drive gasoline cars and consume electricity generated using coal and natural gas. The household sector’s emissions would decline if more households drove electric vehicles and owned solar panels. In recent years automobile manufacturers...

The phase equilibria, engine performance and gas emissions of gasoline-ethanol-water blends with pyridine isobutanol added for increased water tolerance, were investigated. It was observed that addition produced slightly higher ratios ethanol in the stable fuel blend when compared to isobutanol, ratio additive amount. Engine performances combustion characteristics measured a single cylinder, fo...

Converting all U.S. onroad vehicles to hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs) may improve air quality, health, and climate significantly, whether the hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas, wind electrolysis, or coal gasification. Most benefits would result from eliminating current vehicle exhaust. Wind and natural gas HFCVs offer the greatest potential health benefits and could sa...

Duckweed biomass is gasified in a thermochemical-based superstructure to produce gasoline, diesel, and kerosene using a synthesis gas intermediate. The superstructure includes multiple pathways for conversion of the synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbons via Fischer−Tropsch synthesis or intermediate methanol synthesis. Low-temperature and high-temperature Fischer−Tropsch processes are examined us...

Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) can operate on a blend of ethanol and gasoline in any volumetric concentration of up to 85% ethanol (93% in Brazil). Existing FFVs rely on ethanol sensor installed in the vehicle fueling system, or on the ethanoldependent air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) estimated via an exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) or λ sensor. The EGO-based ethanol detection is desirable from cost and mainten...

The Agilent 7500ce ICP-MS is shown to be an excellent analytical tool for the elemental analysis of gasoline. It offers the best detection limits of any multi-element technique and a full elemental analysis suite that takes less than 5 minutes to acquire. The Octopole Reaction System (ORS), integral to the 7500ce, ensures that a single method and set of conditions can be used to directly determ...

Increasing the use of fossil fuels is with severe environmental and economic problems, bringing more attention to alternative fuels. The compressed natural gas (CNG), as an alternative fuel, offers many more benefits than gasoline or diesel fuel such as cost-effectiveness, lower pollution, better performance, and lower maintenance costs. Gas stations location and the number of gas stations are ...