The flame retardant synergism between highly stretched polymer fibres and intumescent flame retardant systems was investigated in self-reinforced polypropylene composites. It was found that the structure of reinforcement, such as degree of molecular orientation, fibre alignment and weave type, has a particular effect on the fire performance of the intumescent system. As little as 7.2 wt % addit...

This study was done to know the changes in the levels of potassium in the vitreous humour of eye with increasing time since death by flame photometry method. 200 cases brought to the mortuary of Govt. Medical College, Patiala, formed the material of this study. The cases were divided in 2 groups, burn cases (24) and non-burn cases (176). The data thus collected was analyzed statistically. It wa...

This paper reports for the first time a planarised optical fiber composite formed using Flame Hydrolysis Deposition (FHD). As a way of format demonstration a Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical (MOEMS) hot wire anemometer is formed using micro-fabrication processing. The planarised device is rigidly secured to a silicon wafer using optical quality doped silica that has been deposited using flame hydr...

A multiplexed diode-laser sensor system, comprised of two InGaAsP diode lasers and fiber-optic components, has been developed to non-intrusively measure temperature and species concentration over a single path for closed-loop process control using laser absorption spectroscopy techniques. The system was applied to measure and control the gas temperature in the post-flame gases 6 mm above the su...

Modern high speed aerospace propulsion relies on the development of scramjet engines significantly. Design of a supersonic combustor involves the potential problems of proper mixing, flame holding as well as flame stabilization within the very short period. Many techniques were introduced to overcome these problems, of which cavity flame holders has evolved as one of the prominent among them. T...

Studies of radiation emissions from turbulent buoyant diffusion flames impinging on structural elements have applications to the development of fire models and estimation of structural integrity under large heat loads. An experimental and numerical study of radiation emissions from turbulent buoyant diffusion flames with and without impingement on a flat plate is reported. The steel plate was s...

Numerous studies have used ground-based, freely falling, isolated droplets to study the combustion behavior of liquid fuels, fuel emulsions, and liquid-solid slurries (Sangiovanni and Labowsky, Combust. Flame, 1982; Choi et al, 23rd Symp. (Int’l.) on Comb., 1990; Lee and Law, Comb. Sci. Tech., 1992). Droplets of mono-disperse size formed repetitively are projected down a duct flow oriented para...

An atmospheric high-Q re-entrant cavity applicator is used to couple microwave (2.45 GHz) electromagnetic energy directly into the reaction zone of a premixed laminar methane–oxygen flame for flame enhancement. As microwave energy increases, a transition from electric field enhancement to microwave plasma discharge is observed. At low microwave powers (1–5 W), the flame is influenced by an elec...

Computational fluid dynamics based solvers have been developed for explosion modeling in hazards analysis. These include a numerical approach to simulate flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition in hydrogen-air mixture and two detonation solvers. The former solves fully compressible, multidimensional, transient, reactive Navier–Stokes equations with a chemical reaction mecha...

The standard problem of finding the optimal layout of structural material associated with maximum stiffness is expanded to include consideration of thermal criteria. The problem is posed as a three-phase layout problem where the phases include an insulating or fire retardant material and an unknown distribution of heat sources, in addition to the structural material. The model used is simple, y...