The recent implementation of new environmental legislations led to a change in the manufacturing of composites that has repercussions on printed wiring boards (PWB). This in turn led to alternate processing methods (e.g., lead-free soldering), which affected the required physical and chemical properties of the additives used to impart flame retardancy. This review will discuss the latest advanc...

Title of Document: Flame Extinction and Air Vitiation Effects In FDS In Poorly Ventilated Compartment Fires Zhixin Hu, Master Thesis, 2005 Directed by: Arnaud Trouvé, Associate Professor Department of Fire Protection Abstract: Compartment fires with different ventilation conditions exhibit different dynamical behaviors, ranging from steady fuel-limited fires to unsteady airlimited fires. Numeri...

The protonephridial systems of a number of metazoa consist, in part, of flame cells or flame bulbs which are specialized structures attached to paired collecting tubules. In rotifers, each tubule is said to bear two to eight (1) or more (2) flame bulbs. These structures are located in the pseu-docoelomic cavity and are believed to function in the control of osmotic pressure and, possibly, in th...

Large-eddy simulation of premixed combustion is a computational challenge, because complex diffusion and reaction processes often occur in very thin layers. The interaction of these processes with turbulence determines the main properties of the flame brush, such as its burning velocity or its thickness. In turbulent flows, the large vortices wrinkle the flame brush and increase its surface, wh...

Concern has mounted over health effects caused by exposure to flame retardant additives used in consumer products. Significant research efforts have focused particularly on exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used in furniture and electronic applications. However, little attention has focused on applications in textiles, particularly textiles meeting a flammability standard known...

The dynamic behavior of freely propagating premixed flames with large Lewis numbers was computationally simulated using a sixth-order central difference scheme and non-reflective boundary conditions. Results in the linear stage of the instability growth show that the growth rate dramatically decreases with increasing Lewis number and that the large activation energy excites the pulsating instab...

The flashback or propagation of premixed flames along the near-wall low-velocity region at the base of a laminar boundary layer of a reactive mixture has been studied numerically. The analysis, carried out using the constant density approximation for an Arrhenius overall reaction, accounts for the effects of the Lewis number of the fuel. The flow field, as seen by an observer moving with the fr...

Introduction. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are currently the most widely studied class of additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that have been shown to bioaccumulate in wildlife and humans (Hites 2004). There are an increasing number of reports on PBDEs in top predator avian species (Norstrom et al. 2002; Verreault et al. 2005; McKinney et al. 2006). Specifically, the North Amer...

A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant...

An analysis is presented of the viscous-inviscid interaction region around the tip of a flame spreading over the surface of a solid fuel in a forced laminar high Reynolds number air stream that opposes the flame propagation. Through the interaction. the vaporization of the solid and the thermal expansion of the gas originate an adverse pressure gradient upstream of the flame tip. which leads to...