OBJECTIVES To compare the costs and effectiveness of adjustable maintenance dosing with budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler versus fixed dosing in adults with asthma. METHODS In this prospective, randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre trial conducted in Germany, patients with asthma received budesonide/formoterol 160 microg/4.5 microg in a single inhaler (Symbicort Turbuhal...

The authors study, theoretically and quantitatively, the general equilibrium of an economy in which households smooth consumption by means of both a riskless asset and unsecured loans with the option to default. The default option resembles a bankruptcy filing under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Competitive financial intermediaries offer a menu of loan sizes and interest rates wherein ...

– User-cost indexes provide important information about the welfare implications of durable goods purchases. In this paper indexes for the cost of private transportation are developed, based on the costs associated with using new passenger cars sold in 1992-1999, in the Netherlands. These user costs consist of both fixed costs such as economic depreciation, and operating costs such as fuel cons...

this research aims to study the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company. the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company has been studied separately for materials, manpower, machinery, and whole of company. in this study, traditional method was used to collect quality costs and paf model was used to determine the components of ...

We examine the role of fixed costs in research and development (R&D) in the market for genetically modified (GM) corn seed. In a mixed model of horizontal differentiation by genetic traits and vertical differentiation by productivity, we derive the empirically testable lower bounds to R&D concentration when R&D investments and market entry are jointly determined. When R&D investments translate ...

this study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.this study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. the first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of iran. they were to identify components of the household health costs. in the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on ...

We consider a model-independent pricing problem in fixed-income market and show that it leads to weak optimal transport as introduced by Gozlan et al. use this characterize the extremal models for of caplets on spot rate establish first robust super-replication result is applicable markets. Notably, exhibits cost function which non-convex thus not covered standard assumptions theory. In an inde...