We found that the Fischer indole synthesis of ethyl pyruvate 2-methoxyphenylhydrazone (5) with HCl/EtOH gave an abnormal product, ethyl 6-chloroindole-2-carboxylate (7), as the main product, with a smaller amount of ethyl 7-methoxyindole-2-carboxylate (6) as the normal product. This abnormal reaction was the result of a cyclization on the side with the substituent (methoxy group) of a benzene r...

The recent rise in crude oil price forces us to look for alternative energy sources. The most sensible direction of this search is natural gas upgrading to liquid hydrocarbons via a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas). Hydrogenation of CO to liquid hydrocarbons has been known since 1923 as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). Great R&D efforts have been made all over the world to devel...

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a part of Gas-to Liquids (GTL), Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) and Coal to Liquids (CTL) technologies, which produce alternatives clean fuels from natural gas, biomass and coal. The catalytic performance of cobalt catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis strongly depends on the size of cobalt particles in nanoscale range (6-30 nm). Cobalt catalysts are usually prepared via ...

The relationship between dietary fat and mammary carcinogenesis was examined by feeding a high-fat or a low-fat purified diet, differing only in fat and carbohydrate content, to Fischer, Long-Evans, and Sprague-Dawley rats. An additional group of rats from each strain was fed a nonpurified laboratory diet for comparison. The rats were given an i.v. dose of N-nitrosomethylurea (50 mg/kg body wei...

This paper is devoted to the study of the proximal point algorithm for solving monotone and nonmonotone nonlinear complementarity problems. The proximal point algorithm is to generate a sequence by solving subproblems that are regularizations of the original problem. After given an appropriate criterion for approximate solutions of subproblems by adopting a merit function, the proximal point al...

For n× n matrices A and B define η(A,B) = X

One may hope to capture the behavioral and emotional effects of downsizing the labor force in rather abstract settings as an ultimatum game (see Fischer et al. (2008)), or try to explore downsizing in its more natural principalagent scenario with a labor market background. We pursue the latter approach and test experimentally whether downsizing occurs whenever (game) theoretically predicted and...

Contemporary debates about free will and moral responsibility frequently focus on arguments around Frankfurt-style cases (FSCs). Their centrality reflects the fact that they have widely been seen to constitute a decisive step forward in a debate that had seemed to be irredeemably bogged down. In Fischer’s (1994) influential phrase, they break the ‘dialectical stalemate’ that had come to be char...