The effect of electrostatic electron trapping in the presence of a depressed collector has been included in gyrotron efficiency computations. The results are presented as general contour plots in the control parameter plane. A condition for trapping is derived in terms of the retarding voltage. The overall electron efficiency as a function of the retarding voltage has been calculated for a repr...

Fire-fighters’ personal protective clothing is the only source of protection for fire-fighters during fire-fighting. The protective clothing should provide adequate protection as well as should be comfortable to wear. The protection and comfort requirements are always the contradicting fact in several protective clothing including fire-fighters’. Appropriate material selection, clothing design ...

We describe the development of a model system for the prediction over the full range in fire behaviour in exotic pine plantation fuel types in relation to environmental conditions. The proposed system integrates a series of sub-models describing surface fire characteristics and crowning potential properties (e.g., onset of crowning, type of crown fire and associated rate of spread). The main in...

In this study, rice-phenolic acid complexes were prepared by processing rice kernels in chlorogenic (CGA) solutions of different concentrations, followed heating at adsorption times. An treatment 80 °C for 3 h effectively enhanced the complexation samples with CGA (3.86 mg/g) and imparted antioxidant capacities to complex. apparent interaction between starch molecules was suggested electrospray...

Questions: Are calorimeters and pyrometers accurate and reliable for describing fire parameters in large-scale ecological projects, and can data from them predict data derived from thermocouples? Do mechanical pre-treatments in Florida scrub areas alter fire properties? Location: Lake Wales Ridge, Florida, USA. Methods: We deployed thermocouples attached to digital dataloggers, copper and lacqu...

The flammability and combustibility of plant communities are determined by species features related to growth-form, structure and physiology. In some ecosystems, such as the Mediterranean ones, these characteristics may contribute to the existence of fire-prone species. Moreover, different post-fire regenerative strategies may present different degrees of recovery, depending on the particular f...

Patch mosaic burning, in which fire is used to produce a mosaic of habitat patches representative of a range of fire histories ('pyrodiversity'), has been widely advocated to promote greater biodiversity. However, the details of desired fire mosaics for prescribed burning programs are often unspecified. Threatened small to medium-sized mammals (35 g to 5.5 kg) in the fire-prone tropical savanna...

In Nigeria, there have been increases in damages due to fire outbreaks particularly in industrial and busy environments. Fire outbreak has caused serious injuries to people, loss of lives, damage of properties etc. Methods usually used in predicting fire outbreaks are fire alarm, flame detection, smoke detection algorithm, real-time fire, flame detection etc. This Research work introduces an ar...

Urban fire occurs within the built environment, usually involving casualties and economic losses, and affects individuals and socioeconomic activities in the surrounding neighborhoods. A good understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of fire incidents can offer insights into potential determinants of various fire events, therefore enabling better fire risk estimation which can assist with fu...