Drawing upon research trips to the Bosnia theatre, this paper compares the actual conduct of Peace Operations (PO) with the theory, based upon Confrontation Analysis, of how they ought to be conducted. A Unified Theory of War-Fighting and PO is proposed. A PO campaign is seen as essentially a sequence of confrontations, whereas a war-fighting campaign is essentially a sequence of battles. But t...

firefighting profession is one of the most stressful occupations; in each mission, firefighters are exposed to harmful factors, including the stress due to the driving, traffic, to see heartbreaking scenes, and so on. occupational stress is one of the factors affecting at increased risk of mental and physical problems in the job. the main objective of this study was to determine the effects of ...

The effects of non-lethal parasites may be felt most strongly when hosts engage in intense, energy-demanding behaviors. One such behavior is fighting with conspecifics, which is common among territorial animals, including many beetle species. We examined the effects of parasites on the fighting ability of a saproxylic beetle, the horned passalus (Odontotaenius disjunctus, Family: Passalidae), w...

Background: Violence among adolescents has untoward psycho-social and physical health effects among this age group. Most of the literature on this topic has been from high-income nations, and little information has come from middleand low-income nations. This study was done to assess the relationship between physical fighting and bullying victimization among Venezuelan school-going adolescents ...

We propose that moral condemnation functions to guide bystanders to choose the same side as other bystanders in disputes. Humans interact in dense social networks, and this poses a problem for bystanders when conflicts arise: which side, if any, to support. Choosing sides is a difficult strategic problem because the outcome of a conflict critically depends on which side other bystanders support...

Do elections cause violence? Some scholars point to higher levels of unrest around elections, especially in developing countries, to assert that elections cause political violence. We develop a formal model to demonstrate that this conclusion is unfounded. In our baseline model, violence is more effective in electoral periods, leading to a spike in fighting surrounding elections. However, the p...

One of the limitations of computer opponents in action games is that the character AI is constructed in advance, and players may become bored quickly. We have built an online action game system in which a non-player character (NPC) can incrementally learn sequences of action and combinations. NPCs can adopt different fighting strategies for fighting with different players.

When humans fight hand-to-hand the face is usually the primary target and the bones that suffer the highest rates of fracture are the parts of the skull that exhibit the greatest increase in robusticity during the evolution of basal hominins. These bones are also the most sexually dimorphic parts of the skull in both australopiths and humans. In this review, we suggest that many of the facial f...

Iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) has been considered to be a candidate replacement for bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br), which is used in aircraft for fuel inerting and for fire fighting. In this study, the chemical effects of aircraftreleased CF3I on atmospheric ozone were examined with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign two-dimensional chemical-radiative-transport (UIUC 2-D CRT) model. Us...

AIM To determine differences in metal and metalloid exposure between residents of areas in eastern Croatia exposed to heavy fighting during the war in Croatia and residents of areas exposed to moderate fighting. METHODS Concentrations of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Z...