2014 The present paper is concerned entirely with models in which the magnetic electrons do not migrate from atom to atom. Part I reviews the progress made since 1950 by various workers in calculating the Curie point for the Heisenberg model and the behavior of the susceptibility above it. The calculations have been greatly improved in recent years by including more terms in the series method, ...

Sediment tracer studies use uniquely identifiable particles to track the pathways and fate of individual sand or silt grains in marine environments. These techniques are best applied assess connectivity between potential sediment sources sinks, such as a nourishment an ecologically sensitive area. Significant challenges exist when applying tracing further understanding systems with complicated ...

The ruthenium content of half-metallic ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{x}\mathrm{Ga}$ thin films, with a biaxially strained inverse Heusler structure, controls the ferrimagnetism that determines their magnetic and electronic properties. An extensive study ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{y}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{x}\mathrm{Ga}$ films on MgO (100) substrates $1.8\ensuremath{\le}y\ensuremath{\le}2.6$ $x=0.5, 0.7 \mathrm{...

BACKGROUND The effects of weak magnetic and electromagnetic fields in biology have been intensively studied on animals, microorganisms and humans, but comparably less on plants. Perception mechanisms were attributed originally to ferrimagnetism, but later discoveries required additional explanations like the "radical pair mechanism" and the "Ion cyclotron resonance" (ICR), primarily considered ...

A recently discovered gastropod (Fig. 1A) differs from all known mollusks by having its foot covered by scales of conchiolin, mineralized with pyrite (FeS2) and greigite (Fe3S4). The animal lives a sedentary life at the base of black-smoker chimneys in the Kairei vent field in the Indian Ocean (1, 2). Its scaly scleritome resembles those characteristic of numerous metazoans (halkieriids, tommot...

The magnetism, magnetotransport, and Seebeck coefficients $(S)$ for three ruthenates ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}{M}_{2+x}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{4\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$ $(\ensuremath{\delta}=0.06;$ $M=\mathrm{Mn}, \mathrm{Co}; x=0.4)$ ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}{M}_{2+x}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{4\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}$ $(\ensuremath{\delta}=0....

Oxides are ubiquitous. The Earth’s crust and mantle are largely made up of compounds of metal cations and oxygen anions. Looking at the composition of the crust in Figure 1.1, we see that oxygen is the most abundant element and the most common metals are aluminum and silicon. Most rocks are therefore aluminosilicates. The next most abundant element, and the only transition metal other than tita...