It is generally accepted that knowledge based systems would be smarter and more robust if they can manage inconsistent, incomplete or imprecise knowledge. This paper is about a four-valued fuzzy propositional logic, which is the result of the combination of a four-valued logic and a fuzzy propositional logic. Besides the nice computational properties, the logic enables us also to deal both with...

The semantics of evidentials is often analyzed as a subcase or a special case of modality in the recent formal literature (Izvorski, 1997; Faller, 2002; Speas, to appear; McCready and Ogata, 2005, among others). Moreover, some modern linguists consider the analysis of modality as a subcase of evidential or a speech act modifier (Papafragou 2000; Huddleston and Pullum 2002; Drubig 2001, among ot...

it is obvious that literature means prose and poetry and makes no difference either by arabs or non – arabs. but symbolism in the arabic concept has emerged since the emergence of the dark era’s literature and is loaned from the specific characteristics of dark era’s lives and is based on two elements: brevity and indirect speech. since the symbolism has emerged like a literary school generally...

The 32-bit hwb (hwb-n32 for short) problem is from equivalence checking that arises in combining two circuits computing the hidden weighted bit function. Since 2002, it remains still unsolvable in every SAT competition. This paper focuses on solving problems such as hwb-n32. Generally speaking, modern solvers can detect only XOR, AND, OR and ITE gates. Other non-clausal formulas (propositional ...

s from the speci…c decision problem and aggregation rule in question. My exposition of this model follows the formalism introduced in List and Pettit (2002) and extended beyond standard propositional logic by Dietrich (2007a). There is a …nite set of (two or more) individuals, who have to make judgments on some propositions.3 Propositions are represented by sentences from propositional logic or...