To reduce the impact of large-sized, high-rate (α) transfers on real-time flows, a Hybrid Network Traffic Engineering System (HNTES) was proposed in earlier work. HNTES is an intra-domain solution that enables the automatic identification of α flows at a provider network’s ingress routers, and redirects these flows to traffic-engineered QoS-controlled virtual circuits. The purpose of this work ...

The "pay now, argue later" rule entails that the obligation to pay tax and right of South African Revenue Service (SARS) receive recover are not suspended by objection or appeal. However, in terms section 164(2) Tax Administration Act 28 2011 (hereafter TAA), a taxpayer may request senior SARS official suspend payment disputed may, 164(3) TAA, grant such suspension having regard certain relevan...

The fair use flat rate is a promising tariff concept for the mobile telecommunication industry. Similar to classical flat rates it allows unlimited usage at a fixed monthly fee. Contrary to classical flat rates it limits the access speed once a certain usage threshold is exceeded. Due to the current global roll-out of the LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology and the related economic changes for...

Tying teachers' pay to their classroom performance should, says Victor Lavy, improve the current educational system both by clarifying teaching goals and by attracting and retaining the most productive teachers. But implementing pay for performance poses many practical challenges, because measuring individual teachers' performance is difficult. Lavy reviews evidence on individual and school-bas...

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Multicast routing uses a structure, either a tree or a mesh, to connect the receivers to the source, thus saving the bandwidth. How to share the cost among the receivers in a certain fair way has been studied widely in literature. When the agents, either the links or the nodes, in the network are selfish, it is desirable to pay the agents in a proper way such that each agent still reveals its t...

Consumers have shown a willingness to pay a premium for products labeled as “Fair Trade,” and to prefer retailers that are seen as more generous to their suppliers/employees. A fair trade product is essentially a bundle of a base product and a donation to the supplier (e.g., a coffee farmer). An altruistic rational consumer will only choose this bundle if doing so is less expensive than buying ...