Introduction: To determine the distance of Extraocular Muscle (EOM) insertions to limbus in Iranian people. Materials and Methods: 173 cases (173 eyes) were entered in an observational cross-sectional study. Patients referred to the Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital were included. All of them had to be operated on specific indications. After 360 peritomy in the operating room, the distance between EM in...

The surgical results of severe or complex deviations such as those due to complete third nerve palsy, aberrant innervation of extraocular muscles (EOMs) and Duane syndrome are usually not completely successful. Herein, we describe the surgical technique of EOM fixation to the orbital wall. After a limbal or fornix based conjunctival incision, the related EOM is identified and dissected; the mus...

The mechanism of diplopia from enophthalmos is not well understood. We describe a 55-year-old man who underwent a left transorbital craniotomy for clipping of a basilar aneurysm. The lateral orbital wall was not reconstructed properly, resulting in 8 mm of left enophthalmos. Months after surgery the patient developed diplopia with ocular excursions, although he remained orthotropic in primary g...

Cat extraocular muscle consisted of a peripheral portion ivith red histochemical properties and a central part with white muscle findings. Recordings were obtained from the two regions by extracellular electrodes. Third nerve stimulation produced action potentials which were prolonged monophasic units (slow units) along the edge, and short-duration, biphasic spikes (fast units) in the center of...

Rhesus extraocular muscle appeared to be divided into three zones: an outer small-fiber layer, an intermediate area containing a mixture of small and large cells, and a large-cell area in the center of the muscle and adjacent to the globe. The outer and intermediate layer had the histochemical and electron microscopic characteristics of red muscle, tohile the large-cell area appeared to be whit...

Two patients, previously diagnosed and treated for euthyroid, autoantibody-negative thyroid eye disease, presented with active orbitopathy. An atypical disease course and presentation prompted orbital biopsy. Extraocular muscle histopathology demonstrated noncaseating granulomatous inflammation consistent with presumed orbital sarcoidosis involving multiple extraocular muscles, including the in...

PURPOSE In a previous study, the authors found that recession of an extraocular muscle resulted in atrophy of both the recessed muscle and its antagonist. To determine if atrophy, caused by weakening of an extraocular muscle, results in changes in developed tension in the antagonist, the authors studied force development of the cat lateral rectus muscle after adductor weakening. METHODS Tenot...

PURPOSE Extraocular muscles express a number of characteristics not normally seen in mature skeletal muscle. The expression of neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM, was assessed immunohistochemically in the extraocular muscles of rabbits, monkeys, and humans to examine the hypothesis that there is greater complexity to extraocular muscle fiber types than the traditional description. The presenc...

PURPOSE Bovine extraocular rectus muscles were examined to map the distribution of elastin and fibrillin in extrafusal tissue and muscle spindles. METHODS Immunohistochemical techniques and immunolocalization were employed to pin-point the placement of molecules relative to muscle fibers. RESULTS Strands containing elastin and fibrillin surrounded all extrafusal fibers. They also covered th...