Hedgehog (Hh) molecules play critical roles during development as a morphogen, and therefore their distribution must be regulated. Hh proteins undergo several modifications that tether them to the membrane. We have previously identified tout velu (ttv), a homolog of the mammalian EXT tumor suppressor gene family, as a gene required for movement of Hh. In this paper, we present in vivo evidence ...

The studies presented herein were designed to determine the source(s) of cholesterol used for steroid biosynthesis in a clonal strain of cultured Leydig tumor cells (designated MA-10). Our results show that, when the cells are placed in medium devoid of extracellular cholesterol and acutely stimulated with human choriogonadotropin, most of the cholesterol used for steroid biosynthesis is derive...

Microbial biofilm formed on abiotic surfaces is an important area of research because of the wide range of possible affects and the disinfectant resistance of the cells. The colonization of solid surfaces by microorganisms is a very complicated process that depends mostly on extracellular molecule production. The biosynthesis of EPS reflected not only the attachment and aggregation process but ...

Focus has centered on C-partitioning in stems of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) due to their high-sucrose accumulation features, relevance to other grasses, and rising economic value. Here we review how sugarcane balances between sucrose storage, respiration, and cell wall biosynthesis. The specific topics involve (1) accumulation of exceptionally high sucrose levels (up to over 500 mM), (2) a poten...

Iron is an essential micronutrient for Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B728a and many other microorganisms; therefore, B728a has evolved methods of iron acquirement including the use of iron-chelating siderophores. In this study an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor, AcsS, encoded within the achromobactin gene cluster is shown to be a major regulator of genes involved in the ...

in recent years the science of tissue engineering has emerged as a powerful tool for the development of a novel set of tissue replacement parts and technologies. recent advances in the fields of biomaterials, stem cell technologies, growth factor field and biomimetics have created a unique set of opportunities for investigators to fabricate lab-grown tissues from combination of extracellular ma...

the distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. five enzymes involved in carbon (c), nitrogen (n), and phosphorus (p) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (pho), β-d glucosidase (glu), and n-acetyl-glucosimin...

the development of the eco friendly procedures makes nanoparticles as the rapidly growing field of nanotechnology. amongst, the silver nanoparticles have become prominent in the field of medicine to their peculiar antimicrobial properties. in the present study we suggest an eco friendly procedure of extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles with an average sizes of 5-50nm using an actinom...

Modulating the extracellular matrix microenvironment is critical for achieving desired macrophage phenotype in immune investigations or tumor therapy. Combining de novo protein design and biosynthesis techniques, herein, we designed a biomimetic polypeptide self-assembled nano-immunomodulator to trigger activation of specific phenotype. It was intended be made up (​GGS​GGP​GGG​PAS​AAA​NSA​SRA​T...

During the biosynthesis and assembly of collagen structures, disulfide links can serve several functions. During biosynthesis they successively stabilize intrapeptide folding and associations of three chains into one molecule. Studies on the refolding and reassociation of reduced and denatured carboxyl propeptides of procollagen I showed that successive interactions of folding and assembly are ...