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Beta-lactamase enzymes (BLs) have become the most worrisome mediators of antimicrobial resistance expressed by gram-negative bacteria (GNB). The multiple families of BLs have in common the ability to hydrolyze the -lactam rings of one or more members of the penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) are a subset of BLs that conf...

Within the ESBL family the most common genes are temoneira (blaTEM) and sulfhydryl variable (blaSHV) with increasing reports of cefotaximase (blaCTX-M) [4]. The blaSHV and the blaTEM subgroups arise from mutational changes due to point mutations in the genes resulting in subtypes. Examples include blaSHV which differs from blaSHV-1 due to a single mutation of an amino acid from glycine to serin...

Carbapenem antibiotics have been used to counteract resistant strains of bacteria harboring -lactamases and extended-spectrum -lactamases. Four enzymes from the class A group of -lactamases, NMC-A, IMI-1, SME-1, and KPC-1, efficiently hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics. Sequence comparisons and structural information indicate that cysteines at amino acid residues 69 and 238, which are conserved i...

Enterobacteriaceae are major pathogens in both hospital and community. Recently the number of MDR phenotypes (multi drug resistant) increased, with the emergence of XDR phenotypes (extremely drug resistant – susceptible only to colistin and tigecycline). It is extremely important to detect and correct the reporting mechanisms for resistance. Many clinical laboratories have problems detecting ex...

This study was conducted to detect the prevalence of Metallo-Beta-Lactamases (MBLs) and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) in bacterial isolates from clinical community settings two communities Delta State, Nigeria. Eighty four obtained blood, urine, wound stool patients subjects were analyzed identified by standard microbiological methods. Carbapenemase detection carried out using modif...

1 The Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Research, Division of Epidemiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 2 Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel 3 Department of Cinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Av...

Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are defined as enzymes produced by certain bacteria that are able to hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporin. They are therefore effective against beta-lactam antibiotics such as ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and oxyimino-monobactam. The objective of the current review is to provide a better understanding of ESBL and the epidemiology of ESBL pr...

Since about twenty years, following the introduction into therapeutic of news beta-lactam antibiotics (broad-spectrum cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems), a very significant number of new beta-lactamases appeared. These enzymes confer to the bacteria which put them, the means of resisting new molecules. The genetic events involved in this evolution are of two types: evolution of old en...