The Diels–Alder (DA) reaction (or “diene synthesis”) between a diene and a dienophile generates two s bonds stereoselectively and up to four chiral centers in a single step to afford six-membered cyclic compounds. This cycloaddition reaction named after Professor Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954) and his student Kurt Alder (1902–1958) was discovered in 1928 during studies on the reaction of b...

Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from water resulting from adsorption and microbial uptake was examined to determine the importance of biotic and abiotic pathways. Physical-chemical adsorption to components of the stream sediment or water and biotic assimilation associated with the microbial population was determined in recirculating chambers utilizing leachate from alder (Alnus rubru)...

1. Accumulation of organic material by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha is assumed to be the source of a biodeposition-based food web. However, only little is known about the importance of the biodeposited material as a food source and its contribution to increased abundances of macroinvertebrates in the presence of D. polymorpha. 2. Feeding, assimilation and growth of the amphipods Gammar...

Phytophthora species were systematically sampled, isolated, identified and compared for presence in streams, soil and roots of alder (Alnus species) dominated riparian ecosystems in western Oregon. We describe the species assemblage and evaluate Phytophthora diversity associated with alder. We recovered 1250 isolates of 20 Phytophthora species. Only three species were recovered from all substra...

Cambridge: summary of remarks in keynote talk at WECSR 2012 Institutional review boards in the USA, and ethics committees in the UK, have their roots in medical research. In the US Tuskegee scandal, black patients with syphilis were left untreated even after an effective treatment became available in the form of penicillin; in the UK Alder Hey scandal, pathologists retained body parts from dece...

Corrections to the Alder and Winther semiclassical cross section for first order Coulomb excitation are considered through the Sukumar and Brink systematic expansion of the propagator in inverse powers of Sommerfeld’s parameter, η. The zeroth order term is that provided by unsymmetrised Alder-Winther theory and it is shown that to order 1/η the only type of correction is one corresponding to en...

Here we found that the enantioselectivity of G-quadruplex DNA-based Diels-Alder reaction can be switched by just changing Na(+) to K(+), which is ascribed to the structural transformation of the G-quadruplex from antiparallel to hybrid-type. By tuning the ratio of Na(+)/K(+), the enantioselectivity of the Diels-Alder reaction could be switchable and shows much more sensitive to K(+) than to Na(+).

A concise synthesis of forbesione (1) and desoxymorellin (3) is presented. Central to the strategy is a biomimetic Claisen/Diels-Alder/Claisen reaction cascade that proceeds in a regioselective manner and produces the desired scaffold exclusively. The observed regioselectivity and product distribution of the Claisen/Diels-Alder/Claisen reaction are attributed to the electronic effects of the xa...

Electrocatalysis was employed to promote Diels–Alder reactions between electronically mismatched substrates. A catalytic amount of electricity was enough to complete the overall reactions and GC-MS monitoring and CV measurements clearly illustrated the electrocatalytic nature of the reactions, which involve an EC-backward-E mechanism. The electrocatalytic Diels–Alder reactions were rationally d...

A sequential Diels-Alder reaction/silicon-directed [4 + 2]-annulation was developed to assemble hydroisochromene-type ring systems from menadione 2. In the first step, a Diels-Alder of the 1-silyl-substituted butadiene 1 with 2 furnished an intermediate cyclic allylsilane. Subsequently, TMSOTf promoted a [4 + 2]-annulation through trapping of an oxonium, generated by condensation between an ald...