BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the endometrial safety of an oral contraceptive containing estradiol valerate/dienogest (E(2)V/DNG) administered as an estrogen step-down and progestogen step-up regimen in women of reproductive age (18-50 years), using histological assessment of endometrial biopsy samples. METHODS Endometrial biopsies were taken in a subset of healthy w...

Combined oral contraceptives formulated to include estradiol (E2) have recently become available for the indication of pregnancy prevention. A combined estradiol valerate and dienogest pill (E2V/DNG), designed to be administered using an estrogen step-down and a progestin step-up regimen over 26 days of active treatment followed by 2 days of placebo (26/2-day regimen), has also undergone resear...

The aim of this review is to define the role of the combined dienogest (DNG)/estradiol valerate (E2V) contraceptive pill, in terms of biochemistry, metabolic and pharmacological effects and clinical application as well. E2V is the esterified form of 17β-estradiol (E2), while dienogest is a fourth-generation progestin with a partial antiandrogenic effect. The cycle stability is achieved with 2 t...

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a considerable public health problem prevalent among older men. Despite its eminent prevalence, the etiology of BPH not well understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that modifiable risk factors cardiovascular disease may also increase and potentially contribute to development. This study evaluated ameliorative effect Ceiba pentandra leaf on some lipids ...

INTRODUCTION Is the replacement of ethinyl-estradiol (EE) with estradiol (E2) in combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) associated with fewer metabolic effects, leading to a further improvement on safety of hormonal contraceptives? AREAS COVERED This is a narrative review paper including all available data on the metabolic impact of CHCs containing E2 published in English up to December 2015...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the reproductive outcome of artificial endometrial preparation with exogenous steroids for frozen-thawed embryo transfer with and without pre-treatment with depot gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) in women with regular menses. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective randomized clinical trial conducted in two ART centers on 176 women undergoing frozen...

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of classical acupuncture (Ac) and electroacupuncture (EAc) on estradiol-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in health rodents. METHODS Twenty-four eight-week old female rats were treated with estradiol valerate (EV) 4.0 mg i.m. single dose and randomly assigned to four groups (n=6): G1(control), G2 (Ac), G3 (EAc 2 Hz) and G4 (EAc 100 Hz). After 60 days...

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is an important malignancy of epithelial origin with high rate of morbidity and mortality. While tobacco and alcohol are the primary risk factors; other factors such as microorganisms, chronic irritation and sex hormones along with underlying genetic factors may also contribute to its pathogenesis. The role of sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosteron...

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is associated with significant direct medical costs and impacts both society and the quality of life for individual women. Heavy menstrual bleeding, a subset of AUB, also referred to as menorrhagia, is defined as menstrual blood loss greater than 80 mL or the patient's perception of excessive blood loss. The newest treatment option available is a novel combinatio...