introduction: the hippocampus (hip), the primary brain structure related to learning and memory, receives sparse but comprehensive dopamine innervations and contains dopamine d1/d2-like receptors. it is demonstrated that dopamine receptors in dentate gyrus (dg) region of hip have a remarkable function in spatial reward processing. much less is known about the involvement of hip and its d1/d2 do...

serotonin receptors are involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may mediate other neurotransmitter effects. we investigated serotonin receptors gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of naïve schizophrenic patients, before and after treatment. also serotonin receptor gene expression was compared in two treatment groups including haloperidol and olanzapine. the pbm...

new derivatives of 2-[2-(2-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole as candidates for agonistic effect on benzodiazepine receptors were synthesized. conformational analysis and superimposition of energy minima conformers of the novel compounds on estazolam, a known benzodiazepine agonist, revealed that the main proposed benzodiazepine pharmacophores were well matched. in pharmacological evaluatio...

GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 (provisional nomenclature), although showing little structural similarity to CB1 CB2 cannabinoid receptors, respond endogenous agents analogous the ligands, as well some natural/synthetic receptor ligands [104]. Although there are multiple reports indicate that can be activated in vitro by N-arachidonoylglycine, lysophosphatidylinositol N-oleoylethanolamide, respectively...

The purine nucleotide ATP is a fundamental unit in cellular energy metabolism. Extracellular and its metabolites are also ligands for family of receptors, known as purinergic which expressed ubiquitously almost every cell type. In the immune system, extracellular signals regulate migration activation cells to orchestrate induction resolution inflammation. this review, we provide an overview rec...

In December 2019, in the province of Hubei (Wuhan-China), there was an outbreak a coronavirus-associated pneumonia, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19).(1) SARS-CoV-2 enters cell by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ECA 2) receptors that are expressed multiple organs, including testicular tissue.(2) Protein S is most likely primed transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), which interacts w...

Prostanoid receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Receptors [694]) are activated endogenous ligands prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2 , PGF2α, PGH2, prostacyclin [PGI2] and thromboxane A2. Differences similarities between human rodent prostanoid receptor orthologues, their specific roles in pathophysiologic conditions reviewed [448]. Measurement of potency PGI2 A2 is h...

introduction: kainic acid (ka) induces neuropathological changes in specific regions of the mouse hippocampus comparable to changes seen in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (tle). according to different studies, the expression of a number of genes are altered in the adult rat hippocampus after status epilepticus (se) induced by ka. this study aimed to quantitatively evaluate changes...

one of the important reasons for death among the worldwide’s population is trauma which is injury or damage to a biological organism caused by physical harm from an external source. after trauma, the immune system and the early inflammatory immune response activation lead to massive injury. trauma causes activation of nearly all components of the immune system; it also activates the neuroendocr...