We present a content-independent formulation of higher cognitive pedagogy, by identifying higher cognitive pedagogy with executive function which in turn we equate with continual multi-dimensional processing of drivers of outcomes. The key focus in this definition is on multiple dimensions. We apply our definition to four diverse disciplines: a) mathematical modeling of verbal problems is prese...

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the distinctness and reliability of analytic (or multitrait) rating dimensions and their relationships to holistic scores and e-rater essay feature variables in the context of the TOEFL computer-based test (CBT) writing assessment. Data analyzed in the study were analytic and holistic essay scores provided by human raters and essay feature variab...

The study reported herein assessed levels and patterns of concurrent correlations for Listening Comprehension (LC) and Reading Comprehension (RC) scores provided by the Secondary Level English Proficiency (SLEP) test with direct measures of ESL speaking proficiency (interview rating) and writing proficiency (essay rating), respectively, and (b) the internal consistency and dimensionality of the...

Writing is a complex task that requires the integration of multiple cognitive, linguistic, and motor abilities. Until now, only a few studies investigated writing abilities in individuals with Intellectual Disability (ID). The aim of the present exploratory study was to provide knowledge on the organization of writing in two populations with ID, Down syndrome (DS) and Williams syndrome (WS), tr...

Academic wiring is one of the essential skills in academic writing, and it vital to support students' self-development through opinion grant essay writing others. This study explores difficulties English essays dominant challenges by using a mix-method approach. The qualitative used collect data, while quantitative find difficulty percentage—the data analysis uses indicators from Brown (1999). ...