The paper studies regional (spatial) inequality in the five most populous countries in the world: China, India, the United States of America, Indonesia and Brazil in the period 1980–2000. They are all federations or quasi-federations composed of entities with substantial economic autonomy. Two types of regional inequalities are considered: Concept 1 inequality, which is inequality between mean ...

The paper provides estimates of the effect of economic inequality on middle class well being in Switzerland. Economic well being is proxied by a person’s satisfaction with his/her income. Two inequality indicators are used, one standard (the Gini coefficient of the pre-tax income distribution) and one novel (the number of luxury car registrations per 1000 population). Identification is through ...

A simple model allows us to study the nonclassical behavior of slowly moving atoms interacting with a quantized field. Atom and field become entangled and their joint state can be identified as a mesoscopic " Schrödinger–cat ". By introducing appropriate observables for atom and field and by analyzing correlations between them based on a Bell–type inequality we can show the corresponding noncla...

distribution income show how national income divide between economic sectors and social groups. it effect on social justice and many factors effect on it, such as productivity of labor force and employment rate. in this paper, factors affecting distribution income, especially productivity of labor force have been analyzed by panel data model for 32 countries during 1998-2005. the results show e...

Nepal has undergone enormous economic and political changes during the past two decades. Data suggest large and increasing economic inequality after the mid 1990s with income from house rental, employment, businesses, and remittances as well as the stock of wealth in real estate and businesses constituting the leading sources. Considerable disparities existed by castes/ethnicities and spatial d...

Differences in urban land values affect residents’ living experiences and may contribute to sentiment inequality. Due the popularity of smart mobile devices social media platforms, online tweets with location information can be used as objective reflect differences residents different locations, overcoming limitations previous studies small sample sizes or a lack spatial information. Sentiment ...

Relying on a recently developed decomposition framework, this paper explores spatial distribution of innovation capability in China. It is found that at the regional level, China’s inequality in innovation capability increased from 1995 to 2004. At the provincial level, the inequality decreased from1995 to 2000, but increased from 2000 to 2004. Location, industrialization and urbanization, huma...

This assumption allows us to make a priori estimates of weak solutions satisfying the entropy inequality ∂tu+ divQ(u) ≤ 0, such that u(·, t)− ū is square integrable. The purpose of this paper is to study viscous extensions of (1) that are compatible with the entropy, in the sense that there is an entropy inequality for classical solutions of the extended system. In our weakest setting, such an ...

abstract: one of the most important and complicated social transitions has been growth of worldwide urbanization. the rapid growth of urbanization and cities has had different consequences which is associated with much urban vulnerability. physical, installation, environmental, economical and social inequalities have been the results of such urban growth. this paper aims to study and identify t...

The patriarchal clan system is an important prerequisite for the formation and development of Chinese traditional culture. spatial layout space usage buildings are intimately related to Thus, analyzing effective way trace culture buildings. In this study, a typical building named Huzhai in eastern Zhejiang was examined as example. characteristics different relations corresponding users under in...