The electrochemical migration (ECM) behavior of copper-clad laminate (PCB-Cu) and electroless nickel/immersion gold printed circuit boards (PCB-ENIG) under thin electrolyte layers of different thicknesses containing 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ was studied. Results showed that, under the bias voltage of 12 V, the reverse migration of ions occurred. For PCB-Cu, both copper dendrites and sulfate precipitates wer...

Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on a printed circuit board (PCB) through an electrolyte solution under a DC voltage bias. ECM can cause a reduction in surface insulation resistance (SIR) between adjacent conductors, generate a path of leakage current, and lead to intermittent or catastrophic circuit failures. Solder mask has been widely used on printe...

An equivalent circuit for an annular porous electrode is derived by reinterpreting the differential equations that approximate the distribution of voltage and current in such electrodes. The equivalent circuit is shown to provide useful physical interpretations of the secondary current distributions. Multi-loop circuit techniques are employed to obtain the current distributions within the circu...

Effects of temperature on electrical parameters of polysilicon solar cells, fabricated using the phosphorous spin-on diffusion technique, have been studied. The current density–voltagecharacteristics of polycrystalline silicon solar cells were measured in dark at different temperaturelevels. For this purpose, a diode equivalent model was used to obtain saturation current densi...

A charge conserving small-signal equivalent circuit with very simple and accurate parameter extraction method for a three-terminal CMOS RF model is presented. We found that significant errors in circuit performances can be obtained if charge conserving non-reciprocal capacitances are not properly considered. It is also found that one accurate large-signal I-V model is enough to be used for DC, ...

The subject of this study is test cells extracted from industrially manufactured automotive batteries. Each cell either had a full set plates or reduced, negative-limited plates. With these the predictability dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) investigated. Thereby, DCA was performed according to EN 50342-6:2015 standard. micro cycling approach...

A practical piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting (PVEH) system is usually composed of two coupled parts: a harvesting structure and an interface circuit. Thus, it is much necessary to build system-level coupled models for analyzing PVEH systems, so that the whole PVEH system can be optimized to obtain a high overall efficiency. In this paper, two classes of coupled models are proposed by j...

Access to an accurate small-signal equivalent circuit model is an important step in circuit design. Reliable small signal extraction procedures readily useable by the designer are now required in millimetre-wave designs because many foundry process development kits do not support millimetre wave frequency design. The extraction procedures successful at lower frequencies for lumped circuit extra...

The well-known electro-mechanical analogy that equates current, voltage, resistance, inductance and capacitance to force, velocity, damping, spring constant and mass has a shortcoming in that mass can only be used to simulate a capacitor which has one terminal connected to ground. A new model that was previously proposed by the authors that combines a mass with a pulley (MP) is shown to simulat...