A transit is the motion of a system from one many-particle potential energy valley to another. We report the observation of transits in molecular dynamics calculations of supercooled liquid argon and sodium. Each transit is a correlated simultaneous shift in the equilibrium positions of a small local group of particles, as revealed in the fluctuating graphs of the particle coordinates versus ti...

The departure of particle distributions from the Maxwellian is commonly observed in space plasmas. These non-Maxwellian which are typical for plasmas that not thermal equilibrium, can be modeled with ?-distribution. Kinetic simulations quasi-parallel collisionless shocks show proton distribution a composite thermal, suprathermal, and non-thermal parts. By using particle-in-cell shock simulation...

This paper studies social interactions in a game theoretic model with players in a large social network. We consider observations from one single equilibrium of a large network game with asymmetric information, in which each player chooses an action from a finite set and is subject to interactions with her friends. Simple assumptions about the structure are made to establish the existence and u...

A probabilistic description is essential for understanding the dynamics of stochastic systems far from equilibrium, given uncertainty inherent in the systems. To compare different Probability Density Functions (PDFs), it is extremely useful to quantify the difference among different PDFs by assigning an appropriate metric to probability such that the distance increases with the difference betwe...

Photoactive yellow protein (PYP) has a characteristic hydrogen bond (H bond) between p-coumaric acid chromophore and Glu46, whose OH bond length has been observed to be 1.21 Å by the neutron diffraction technique [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 440-4]. Although it has been expected that such a drastic elongation of the OH bond could be caused by the quantum effect of the hydrogen nucleus, previous...

A novel invariant pattern recognition approach is proposed based on a special gradient-type recurrent analog associative memory. The system exhibits stable equilibrium points in predefined positions specified by feature vectors extracted from the training set, while invariance to geometrical transformations is inferred by using the tangent distance. Experimental results for handwritten characte...

Lever systems within a skeleton transmit force with a capacity determined by the mechanical advantage, A. A is the distance from input force to a joint, divided by the distance from the joint to the output force. A lever with a relatively high A in static equilibrium has a great capacity to generate force but moves a load over a small distance. Therefore, the geometry of a skeletal lever presen...

We present potential energy surfaces for Rh-CO obtained from density functional theory for two electronic states of Rh-CO. We have performed local spin-density calculations including relativistic as well as gradient corrections. The construction of a reasonably accurate atom-atom potential for Rh-CO is not possible. We were much more successful in constructing the potential energy surfaces by r...

The topic of this thesis is a diffusion process on a potential landscape which is given by a smooth Hamiltonian function in the regime of small noise. The work provides a new proof of the Eyring-Kramers formula for the Poincaré inequality of the associated generator of the diffusion. The Poincaré inequality characterizes the spectral gap of the generator and establishes the exponential rate of ...

We report on six large-scale financial markets experiments that were designed to test two of the most basic propositions of modern asset pricing theory, namely, that the interaction between risk averse agents in a competitive market leads to equilibration, and that, in equilibrium, risk premia are solely determined by covariance with aggregate risk. We designed the experiments within the framew...