With regard to the relationship between the use of modality and readability levels oftexts, 2 opposing views have been raised. The first view endorses direct positiverelationship between modality and readability in the sense that the use of modalityincreases textual understandability. The second view is that the use of modality leadsto an increase in the number of words, resulting in readabilit...

In the present paper, we introduce a multi-type display calculus for dynamic epistemic logic, which we refer to as Dynamic Calculus. The displayapproach is suitable to modularly chart the space of dynamic epistemic logics on weaker-than-classical propositional base. The presence of types endows the language of the Dynamic Calculus with additional expressivity, allows for a smooth proof-theoreti...

Dynamic epistemic logic, broadly conceived, is the study of logics of information change. In this first paper, I introduce the basic logical systems for reasoning about the knowledge and beliefs of a group of agents.

In this article, I show that (i) from what call a “Kripkean” account of the relations between conceivability and metaphysical necessities, (ii) an apparently plausible principle relating epistemic modality, (iii) duality modalities, one can utterly anti-Kripkean result every necessity is necessity. My aim to present diagnose problem evaluate costs some possible Kripkean reactions. particular, w...

Public announcements are used in dynamic epistemic logic to model certain kinds of information change. A formula 〈ψ〉φ represents the statement that after ψ is publicly announced φ will be the case. Sometimes we want to reason about whether it is possible for φ to become true after some announcement. In order to do this an arbitrary public announcement operator ♦ can be added to an epistemic log...

The dynamic turn in Epistemic Logic is based on the idea that notions of information should be studied together with the actions that modify them. Dynamic epistemic logics have explored how knowledge and beliefs change as consequence of, among others, acts of observation and upgrade. Nevertheless, the omniscient nature of the represented agents has kept finer actions outside the picture, the mo...

This paper concerns treatment of variables in a dynamic semantics. The main empirical concern will be the interaction of presupposition and quantification, but I will also consider how epistemic modals and quantifiers combine. I will show how these empirical considerations motivate a choice between two styles of quantification. The first of these styles involves treating quantified variables ra...

Abilities – no doubt – have a modal nature, but how to spell out this modal nature is up to debate. In this essay, one approach is of special interest. It could be called the restricted possibility approach to ability. The idea behind the restricted possibility approach is this: There are many kinds of modals which express for example deontic, epistemic or metaphysical modality. But all these d...

the warrant of truth has long been drawing the attention of philosophers.in order to find out the truth value one should determine first the criterion of truth. discursive or representational knowledge are related to objects external of mind and so since external circumstances are involved in occurrence of this sort of knowledge, its truth value is diminished. presential knowledge, however, is ...