There is much literature about the licensing of complement clauses by complement-taking predicates. However, less has been written adverbs in a clause. This article addresses English evidential extracted from NOW corpus. The discusses three factors that determine distribution clauses. These are nature adverbs, constraints clause and anchor adverb. To explore role these factors, I adopt hierarch...

Abstract I offer a detailed discussion of the connections Lani Watson posits in her book The Right to Know between violations person’s epistemic rights on one hand and distinctively forms injustice influentially discussed work Miranda Fricker other. argue that if we specify content relevant (and corresponding duties others) carefully enough, it becomes plausible there is an even tighter relatio...

The interest of epistemic comparative conditionals comes from the fact that they represent genuine ‘comparative epistemic relations’ between propositions, situations, evidences, abilities, interests, etc. This paper argues that various types of epistemic comparative conditionals uniformly represent comparative epistemic relations via the comparison of epistemic positions rather than the compari...

this paper presents a study examining how persian speakers use metaphoric gestures to represent different adverbs of time, and what these gestures reveal about the concept of time in their minds. a questionnaire containing 10 ambiguous questions, which made the participant use different adverbs of time, was given to 22 participants. they were filmed while trying to answer the questions. the cor...

We add epistemic modal operators to the language of here-and-there logic and define epistemic hereand-there models. We then successively define epistemic equilibrium models and autoepistemic equilibrium models. The former are obtained from here-and-there models by the standard minimisation of truth of Pearce’s equilibrium logic; they provide an epistemic extension of that logic. The latter are ...

An account of meta-epistemic defeaters—distinct from traditional (firstorder) epistemic defeaters—is motivated and defended, drawing from case studies involving epistemic error-theory (e.g., Olson 2011, Reasons for belief; cf., Streumer 2012, J Philos 110:1–25) and epistemic relativism (e.g., MacFarlane 2005, Oxford Stud Epistemol 1:197–233; 2011; 2014, Assessment sensitivity: Relative truth an...

We describe the planning problem within the framework of dynamic epistemic logic (DEL), considering the tree of sequences of events as the underlying structure. In general, the DEL planning problem is computationally difficult to solve. On the other hand, a great deal of fruitful technical advances have led to deep insights into the way DEL works, and these can be exploited in special cases. We...

We propose a dynamic epistemic framework for the verification of security protocols. First, we introduce a dynamic epistemic logic equipped with iteration and cryptographic supplements in which we can formalize and check (epistemic) requirements of security protocols. On top of this, we give a general guide how to go from a protocol specification to its representation in our framework. We demon...