Congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common type of birth defect, is an abnormal cardiocirculatory structure or function present at birth, although the disease is often discovered later in life. During prenatal life, the incidence of cardiac defect is higher due to affected fetuses that are aborted. CHD stems from an alteration in the embryonic development from a normal structure, or a fail...

Denture stomatitis, a common disorder affecting denture wearers, is characterized as inflammation and erythema of the oral mucosal areas covered by the denture. Despite its commonality, the etiology of denture stomatitis is not completely understood. A search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed electronic database (through November 2009) to identify relevant articles for inclusion in ...

Infertility is a worldwide reproductive health and emotionally charged problem that affects approximately 15% of married couples. In recent years, male infertility has increased in the industrialized countries due to a decline in sperm counts and a rise in testicular and sperm pathologies. There seems to be a direct relationship between modern lifestyles and declining male fertility and the sta...

BACKGROUND Prehospital emergency medical services, a subsystem of Emergency Medical Services (EMS),provides early care to critically ill and injured patients in the field. Time is an important factor in pre-hospital care and the length of time it takes to reach care, has a significant impact on patient outcome. This study aims to calculate the response time in EMS stations of Yazd, Iran. METH...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumour with a poor prognosis. Its incidence is rising. The estimate incidence worldwide is 1 million cases. Most frequently it develops in livers already affected by cirrhotic transformation. How cirrhosis predisposes for the development of HCC is not clear. It is probably associated with the increased DNA synthesis in regeneration nodules. I...

Papilledema is optic disc swelling due to high intracranial pressure. Possible conditions causing high intracranial pressure and papilledema include intracerebral mass lesions, cerebral hemorrhage, head trauma, meningitis, hydrocephalus, spinal cord lesions, impairment of cerebral sinus drainage, anomalies of the cranium, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Irrespective of the cause...

Congenital heart block (CHB) is the most severe manifestation of Neonatal lupus erythematosus syndrome, which is often described as a model of passively acquired autoimmunity. CHB constitutes a unique model where specific maternal autoantibodies target and mediate fetal organ-specific disease. The essay will first review the studies that are at the basis of the definition of autoantibody-associ...