Infectious diseases are a class of caused by various pathogens that can be transmitted between humans and animals or animals, thus seriously affecting the development human society. To control spread infectious worldwide ensure safety people’s lives, it is essential to regularly analyze global disease cases. This review based on data from World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control i...

The laboratory can play a useful role in the control of diarrhoeal disease. Early diagnosis and the identification of the pathogenic agent will help in the institution of appropriate control measures. Ancillary tests such as phage typing will serve as useful epidemiological markers in the study of the disease. Laboratory backup is indispensable in maintenance of surveillance not only over the p...

While enforceable National Environmental Quality Standards for pollutants exist in Pakistan, ambient air quality guidelines have never been established. However, there is no reliable epidemiological/toxicological monitoring system in place in Pakistan to provide a basis for establishing guidelines for various air pollutants. This paper reviews the World Health Organization air quality guideline...

The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, which include cognitive, behavioural and psychological problems, are significant not just in epidemiological terms but also in their impact on patients and carers. Each symptom requires careful evaluation, owing to the potential overlap with comorbid conditions and also to the multiple aetiological pathways in Parkinson’s disease. Such monitoring a...

This chapter provides an overview of the disorders caused by iodine deficiency. Extensively referenced, it includes data on dietary sources of iodine, goitrogens, the effects of iodine deficiency throughout the lifecycle, the pathophysiology of iodine deficiency, as well as strategies for control and monitoring of the iodine deficiency disorders, such as iodized salt and iodized oil. It emphasi...

Diagnosis and classification of acute kidney injury was addressed systematically only 8 years ago when the classification called RIFLE (acronym of Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of function and End stage Kidney disease describing progressive severity of renal damage) was created. Since then, several studies have tried to apply, validate, criticize and modify this initial scheme: as a matter of fac...

During the 1980s, the profile of recreational water quality at Sydney’s beaches caused concern among Sydneysiders. Monitoring of recreational water quality indicated that most Sydney beaches had poor water quality, and this condition was attributed to the disposal of partiallytreated sewage at cliff-face discharges. An epidemiological study conducted in 1989–1990 attempted to determine the prev...

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm that arises from the collecting duct epithelium of the kidney. CDC was reported to coexist with renal cell and transitional cell carcinomas. We report a rare case of CDC associated with oncocytoma, confirmed by the characteristic histological appearance and immunohistochemistry. We also review the epidemiological, h...

The clinical outcome of bacteraemic patients is influenced by many factors. It is vital to know one's own local hospital epidemiological data so as to provide optimal care to the affected patients. This was a prospective, observational study carried out in the said patient population over a period of four months in the year 2005. One hundred and ninety one patients presented with bacteraemia ov...