Proteins have short half-life because of enzymatic cleavage. Here, a new protein nanocarrier made of graphene oxide (GO) + Chitosan (CS) is proposed to successfully prevent proteolysis in protein and simultaneously retain its activity. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and collagenase were loaded on GO and GO-CS to explore the stability and activity of proteins. SEM, AFM, TEM, DSC, UV-Vis, FT-IR, RBS,...

A solution of chymotrypsin on slight hydrolysis undergoes an irreversible change into new proteins, two of which are enzymes and have been isolated in crystalline form. The new crystalline enzymes, called beta and gamma chymotrypsins, differ from the original chymotrypsin as well as from each other in many physical and chemical respects, such as molecular weight, crystalline form, solubility, a...

Alkaline pretreatment of spruce at low temperature in both presence and absence of urea was studied. It was found that the enzymatic hydrolysis rate and efficiency can be significantly improved by the pretreatment. At low temperature, the pretreatment chemicals, either NaOH alone or NaOH-urea mixture solution, can slightly remove lignin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose in the lignocellulosic mate...

The ionoSolv pretreatment is a new technique employing protic low-cost ionic liquids and has previously been applied to successfully fractionate switchgrass and the grass Miscanthus giganteus. This study investigates the effect of using the protic ionic liquid solution [N2220][HSO4]80% with two different acid/base ratios (1.02 and 0.98) at 120, 150 and 170 °C on the pretreatment outcome of the ...

lated bacteriophages f2 and MS2. Personal communications from W. Konigsberg and H. FraenkelConrat. 4Goldthwait, D. A., and G. R. Greenberg, in Methods in Enzymology, ed. S. P. Colowick and N. 0. Kaplan (New York: Academic Press, 1955), vol. 2, p. 516. 6 Rabinowitz, J. C., in The Enzymes, ed. P. D. Boyer, H. Lardy, and K. Myrback (New York: Academic Press, 1960), vol. 2, p. 185. 6lHuennekens, F....

A NEW FIELD in enzymology has emerged in the past decade with the discovery that RNA can act as an enzyme. First discovered in the cellular RNA-splicing and processing machinery in the form of self-splicing group 1 introns’ and precursor tRNA-processing RNase P (Ref. 2) RNA catalytic activity in a number of smaller RNAs has subsequently been identified3-5. The small, naturally occurring catalyt...

We evaluated a new analyzer that measures lactate in undiluted whole blood by direct (or undiluted) amperometry [Nova Stat Profile 7 Analyzer (SP7); Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA] by comparing it with two other analyzers, one for measuring lactate in whole blood by indirect (or diluted) amperometry [Model 2300; Yellow Springs Instrument Co. (YSI), Yellow Springs, OH] and another for measuring la...

This article describes the design, synthesis and characterization of an optical sensor suitable for practical measurement of ionized calcium in serum and whole blood samples. The key to the development of this sensor is the identification of a chemically very stable, nitrogen-containing, calcium selective ionophore, coupled with a fluorophore having the correct spectral and electron accepting p...

The most common procedure in searching for active sites in biological macromolecules is partial hydrolysis. In a few cases, acidic, alkaline, or enzymatic breakdown of the macromolecule results in the removal of the inert sites of the complex, reducing the size of the remainder to the active core structure. Similar treatments frequently serve as steps of purification by removing noncovalently b...

Beaufay, H., Bendall, D. S., Baudhuin, P., Wattiaux, R. & de Duve, C. (1959). Biochem. J. 73, 628. Beinert, H. (1957). In Manometric Techniqute, p. 146. Ed. by Umbreit, W. W., Bums, R. H. & Stauffer, J. F. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Co. Conchie, J. & Levvy, G. A. (1960). Biochem. J. 74, 12P. de Duve, C., Pressman, B. C., Gianetto, R., Wattiaux, R. & Appelmans, F. (1955). Biochem. J. 60, 60...