The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the presence of robust host immunity has been associated in part with variation in viral envelope proteins leading to antigenic variation and escape from neutralizing antibodies. Previous studies of natural neutralization escape mutants have predominantly focused on gp120 and gp41 ectodomain sequence variations that alt...

A quantitative description of the binding interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope glycoproteins and their host cell surface receptors remains incomplete. Here, we introduce a single-molecule analysis that directly probes the binding interactions between an individual viral subunit gp120 and a single receptor CD4 and/or chemokine coreceptor CCR5 in living cells. T...

Antisera to recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins containing the entire envelope, gp160, or the central portion of the envelope, PB1, can inhibit fusion of virally infected cells in culture. This fusion inhibition is HIV-variant specific--that is, anti-gp160-IIIB inhibits fusion of isolate HTLV-IIIB-infected cells but not of isolate HTLV-IIIRF-infected cells. Both anti-gp160 a...

Some parrotfishes have developed a unique capacity to form a mucous envelope at night. Scams dubius and S. perspicillams are two Hawaiian species that exhibit envelope-building behavior. Laboratory experiments indicate that envelope formation is promoted by darkness, and is inhibited by constant light. The completed envelope is a transparent, mucous cocoon surrounding the fish. A mass of glandu...

Two envelope membranes delimit plastids, the defining organelles of plant cells. The inner and outer envelope membranes are unique in their protein and lipid composition. Several studies have attempted to establish the proteome of these two membranes; however, differentiating between them is difficult due to their close proximity. Here, we describe a novel approach to distinguish the localizati...

We have examined the effects of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus on the extent of phospholipid hydrolysis in envelope membrane vesicles and in intact chloroplasts. When isolated envelope vesicles were incubated in presence of phospholipase C, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, but not phosphatidylinositol, were totally converted into diacylglycerol if they were available to the e...

Ultrasound imaging is an important technique with great potential for accurate nondestructive testing. Previously, we proposed a high-resolution 3-D imaging algorithm for UWB radar, the Envelope algorithm with adaptive smoothing techniques. The Envelope imaging algorithm utilizes the principle that the target boundary is expressed as an envelope of spheres determined by observed ranges, while t...

The Escherichia coli cell envelope is a protective barrier at the frontline of interaction with the environment. Fidelity of envelope biogenesis must be monitored to establish and maintain a contiguous barrier. Indeed, the envelope must also be repaired and modified in response to environmental assaults. Envelope stress responses (ESRs) sense envelope damage or defects and alter the transcripto...

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most virulent pathogens causing high mortality in shrimp. Herein, the characterization of VP24, a major structural protein of WSSV, is described. When purified virions were subjected to Nonidet P-40 treatment to separate the envelopes from the nucleocapsids, VP24 was found to be present exclusively in the envelope fraction. Triton X-114 extraction ...

It has long been posited that the nuclear envelope is a key regulator of both the spatial organization of chromatin and gene transcription. Mps3p is an integral nuclear envelope membrane protein with a single trans-membrane domain that is essential for spindle pole body duplication. More recently, Mps3p was shown to associate with the cohesion establishment factor Ctf7p and found to be critical...