A number of recent studies have debated the existence and nature of clocks outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus that may underlie circadian rhythms in conditions of food entrainment or methamphetamine administration. These papers claim that either the canonical clock genes, or the circuitry in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, may not be necessary for these forms of entrainment. In th...

Conversational entrainment, a pervasive communication phenomenon in which dialogue partners adapt their behaviors to align more closely with one another, is considered essential for successful spoken interaction. While well-established in other disciplines, this phenomenon has received limited attention in the field of speech pathology and the study of communication breakdowns in clinical popul...

The attentional blink phenomenon is the reduced ability to report a second target (T2) after identifying a first target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of stimuli (e.g., letters), which are presented at approximately 10 items per second. Several explanations have been proposed, which focus primarily on cognitive aspects, such as attentional filter-, capacity limitation- and re...

Based on genetic and biochemical advances on the molecular mechanism of circadian rhythms, a computational model for the mammalian circadian clock is used to examine the dynamical bases of circadian-clock-related physiological disorders in humans. Entrainment by the light-dark cycle with a phase advance or a phase delay is associated with the Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS) or th...

Conventional wisdom holds that the circadian pacemaker of rodents and humans is minimally responsive to light of the intensity provided by dim moonlight and starlight. However, dim illumination (<0.005 lux) provided during the daily dark periods markedly alters entrainment in hamsters. Under dimly lit scotophases, compared to completely dark ones phases, the upper range of entrainment is increa...

At a fixed distance from the body which creates the wake, entrainment is only seen to increase with the Reynolds number (R) up to a distance of almost 20 body scales. This increase levels up to a Reynolds number close to the critical value for the onset of the first instability. The entrainment is observed to be almost extinguished at a distance which is nearly the same for all the steady wakes...

Diversion of freshwater can cause significant changes in hydrologic dynamics and this can have negative consequences for fish populations. Additionally, fishes can be directly entrained into diversion infrastructure (e.g. canals, reservoirs, pumps) where they may become lost to the population. However, the effect of diversion losses on fish population dynamics remains unclear. We used 15 years ...

A set of first-order model (FOM) equations, describing the sheared convective boundary layer (CBL) evolution, is derived. The model output is compared with predictions of the zero-order bulk model (ZOM) for the same CBL type. Large eddy simulation (LES) data are employed to test both models. The results show an advantage of the FOM over the ZOM in the prediction of entrainment, but in many CBL ...

The entrainment of circadian rhythms by light-dark (LD) cycles has been extensively investigated in laboratory studies. In almost all of these studies, organisms have not been allowed to modulate their exposure to the LD cycle. In the present study, the rhythm of running-wheel activity was investigated in nocturnal (domestic mice) and diurnal (Nile grass rats) rodents provided with light-tight ...

Brain activity can follow the rhythms of dynamic sensory stimuli, such as speech and music, a phenomenon called neural entrainment. It has been hypothesized that low-frequency neural entrainment in the neural delta and theta bands provides a potential mechanism to represent and integrate temporal information. Low-frequency neural entrainment is often studied using periodically changing stimuli ...