Nickel-titanium engine-driven rotary instruments are used increasingly in endodontic practice. One frequently mentioned problem is fracture of an instrument in the root canal. Very few studies have been conducted on torsional characteristics of these instruments, and none has been done under dynamic conditions. The purposes of this study were to measure the torque generated and the apical force...

The F-ATPases synthesize ATP using a transmembrane ionmotive force (IMF) established by the electron transport chain. This transduction involves first converting the IMF to a rotary torque in the transmembrane Fo portion. This torque is communicated from Fo to the F1 portion where the energy is used to release the newly synthesized ATP from the catalytic sites according to Boyer's binding chang...

Understanding the energy requirement for biomass size reduction would be very significant for the process of converting the biomass to bioenergy. A hammermill was used for size reduction operations. One 12.7 mm size screen was applied to hammer mill for different particle size reduction. Torque Sensor was connected to the engine shaft to measure the transfer of torque and engine rotational spee...

On the basis of the shifting process of automated mechanical transmissions (AMTs) for traditional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and by combining the features of electric machines with fast response speed, the dynamic model of the hybrid electric AMT vehicle powertrain is built up, the dynamic characteristics of each phase of shifting process are analyzed, and a control strategy in which torq...

Motion control systems represent a main subsystem for majority of processing systems that can be found in the industrial sector. These systems are concerned with the actuation of all devices in the manufacturing process such as machines, robots, conveyor systems and pick and place mechanisms such that they satisfy certain motion requirements, e.g., the pre specified reference trajectories are f...

This paper proposes a discrete-time repetitive optimal control of electrically driven robotic manipulators using an uncertainty estimator. The proposed control method can be used for performing repetitive motion, which covers many industrial applications of robotic manipulators. This kind of control law is in the class of torque-based control in which the joint torques are generated by permanen...

Haptic shared control is expected to achieve a smooth collaboration between humans and automated systems, because haptics facilitate mutual communication. A methodology for sharing a given task is important to achieve effective shared control. Therefore, the appropriate cooperative relationship between a human operator and automated system should be considered. This paper proposes a methodology...

This paper presents a new formulation of extremum-seeking control for discrete-time Wiener– Hammerstein plants. A novel method of analysis using Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) system theory demonstrates semi-global stability of the control scheme. Assuming only limited plant knowledge, the stability result ensures convergence of the plant output in steady state to a point in an arbitrarily smal...

In the virtual environment, force feedback to the human operator makes virtual experiences more realistic. However, the force feedback using active actuators such as motors can make the system active and sometimes unstable. To ensure the safe operation and enhance the haptic feeling, system stability should be guaranteed. Both active actuators such as motors and passive ones such as brakes are ...