These advances point to the skeleton as an endocrine organ that modulates glucose tolerance and testosterone production by secretion of a bone-specific.Bone as an endocrine organ. 1 Division of Nephrology Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Tokyo. These new endocrine pathways and discuss their physiological. Recognition of bone as a true endocrine organ represents a fertile are...

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the liver is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of many kinds of hormones, various abnormalities hormone levels are found in advanced liver disease. for example the liver is, extremely sensitive to changes in insulin or glucagon levels. the liver is the primary organ of iron storage is frequently involved, diabetes is common in patients with iron overload and may be seen in cirrhosis. chr...

The objective of this review was to discuss whether endocrine disruption is a clinical concern in domestic animal reproduction. To that end, we firstly summarize the phenomenon of endocrine disruption, giving examples of the agents of concern and their effects on the mammalian reproductive system. Then there is a brief overview of the literature on endocrine disruptors and domestic animal repro...

The endocrine system refers to the cells and tissue that release hormones into the blood. Unlike synaptic chemical communication, which is localized to the target cell, endocrine communication is global. The hormones act on other endocrine glands such as the adrenal gland, ovaries, testes, and others, as well as on the heart, kidneys, muscle, and the brain. Mathematical modeling has been used t...

Normal endocrine function is essential for cardiovascular health. Disorders of the endocrine system, consisting of hormone hyperfunction and hypofunction, have multiple effects on the cardiovascular system. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, with respect to the impact of endocrine dysfun...

Multiglandular endocrine neoplasia syndromes are disorders characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance patterns and by the striking patterns of clinical presentation of these endocrine tumors, which are often hormonally active. Not every patient with adenomas of more than one endocrine gland has one of these classical familial syndromes. This paper will deal with the specific diseases known...

The estrogen receptor (ER) is expressed on the vast majority of newly diagnosed breast cancers, yet not all ER-positive tumors will respond to endocrine therapy. Selecting patients for endocrine therapy can be considered as a series of predictive tests: does the tumor express the ER and if so, will the endocrine therapy interact with the target to produce a response? These are both challenges t...

Due to its toxicity as a carcinogen and wide distribution in the environment, arsenic (As) exposure in humans is of public concern globally. Many studies have manifested that As exposure induces cancers besides pathological effects in humans. Animal studies showed that chronic As exposure induces serious neurological effects. Based on recent studies, researchers proposed that As, including arse...