Studies of conceptual processing have revealed that the prefrontal cortex is implicated in close-ended, deliberate memory retrieval, especially the left ventrolateral prefrontal regions. However, much of human thought-particularly that which is characterized as creative-requires more open-ended, spontaneous memory retrieval. To explore the neural systems that support conceptual processing under...

Substance use surveys may use open-ended items to supplement questions about specific drugs and obtain more exhaustive information on illicit drug use. However these questions are likely to underestimate the prevalence of use of specific drugs. Little is known about the extent of such underestimation or the groups most prone to under-reporting. Using data from the 2006 National Survey on Drug U...

the present study,in order toidentifythe effect of teaching by socratic discussion on students' critical thinking disposition in university, was performed in the qualitative approach and by an action research method with theparticipants in one group of education undergraduate students, who were selected by purposeful sampling (n=20). collecting data were applied by “the standardized open-e...

This paper critically analyzes problems and issues related to learning with open, technology-based environments. Theoretical assumptions that underlie learning in this type of environment are clarified in the first section. The second section addresses imitations in adaptive capabilities of technology, including: the learner relies upon feedback that is contingent upon learner actions; when lea...

CARMA is a new language recently defined to support quantified specification and analysis of collective adaptive systems. It is a stochastic process algebra equipped with linguistic constructs specifically developed for modelling and programming systems that can operate in open-ended and unpredictable environments. This class of systems is typically composed of a huge number of interacting agen...

Recent research suggests that inductive inference may be based on salient relations between premise and/or conclusion categories (Medin, Coley, Storms and Hayes, 2003). The types of relations deemed relevant may be influenced by experience (e.g. López, Atran, Coley, Medin and Smith, 1997; Shafto & Coley, 2003). Novices in a given domain have been shown to rely primarily on taxonomic relationshi...

A major conceptual step forward in understanding the logical architecture of living systems was advanced by von Neumann with his universal constructor, a physical device capable of self-reproduction. A necessary condition for a universal constructor to exist is that the laws of physics permit physical universality, such that any transformation (consistent with the laws of physics and availabili...

In this paper the principal-agent models between the investor and the manager of the open-ended fund are made from the new view about the liquidity risk management, and the optimal contracts and optimal policies are obtained in closed form by solving these modes. By the analysis of the optimal contract, we find that the fixed compensation of manager is the positive relationship with redemption ...