BACKGROUND In couples presenting with retrograde ejaculation refractory to medical treatment, the first choice of fertility treatment should be Assisted Reproductive Techniques using rapidly purified spermatozoa retrieved from post-ejaculatory urine. The Hotchkiss technique and modified variants are simple and efficient for retrieving sperm from the bladder. We developed a new protocol, includi...

background: abnormal oocyte morphology has been associated with the hormonal environment to which the gametes are exposed. objective: in this study, we evaluated the oocytes morphology, fertilization rate, embryos quality, and implantation rate resulted of retrieved oocytes in different times after human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) administration. materials and methods: a total of 985 metapha...

Background: To explore and compare the dual embryo transfer DET with single embryo transfer SET weather electively or not, in more viewpoints like financially, and scientifically and finding out which of these policies may give better outcome by analyzing both in a neutral broad spectrum manner. Materials and Methods: A computerized comprehensive search studies ended in finding of 62 articles o...

Culture of bovine embryos with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can improve development to the blastocyst stage and embryo survival following transfer to heat-stressed, lactating dairy cows. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether IGF-1 could improve embryo survival and development at Day 14 after ovulation. In Experiment 1, non-lactating Holstein cows (n=58) were selected as re...

BACKGROUND Whether extended culture allowing selection of embryos with high development potential has any advantage over cleavage-stage embryo transfer remains a matter of debate. Among the currently unsolved questions, the cumulative delivery rate resulting from fresh and frozen embryo transfers needs to be taken into account in both strategies. The aim of our study was, therefore, to compare ...

Although in-vitro fertilization treatment is doctor-led, many of its steps are performed by nurses. The embryo transfer step, however, is performed exclusively by doctors in the majority of units. In our unit, doctors performed embryo transfers from June 1994 until December 1995 (period I). From January 1996 until May 1997 (period II) the nurses, after appropriate training, performed the proced...

Multiple pregnancies lead to complications and induce high costs. The most successful way to decrease multiple pregnancies in IVF is to transfer only one embryo, which might reduce the efficacy of treatment. The objective of this review is to determine which embryo-transfer policy is most cost-effective: elective single-embryo transfer (eSET) or double-embryo transfer (DET). Several databases w...

Although embryo transfer technology has been used commercially in cattle for many years, the inefficiency of oestrus detection, especially in recipients, has limited the widespread application of this technology. The most useful alternative to increase the number of recipients utilised in an embryo transfer program is the use of protocols that allow for embryo transfer without the need for oest...

although the mechanisms under which sex ratio is controlled in nature remain unknown, researchers have attempted to treat sperm in an effort to predetermine the sex of the offspring. the methods of sperm separation that have been repeatedly reported to isolate fractions rich in x- or y-chromosome bearing sperm are serum albumin gradient swim-up and flow cytometry. however, the ability of the se...

In the past decade, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as oocyte transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and nuclear transfer (cloning) have become effective enough for clinical use. ART such as oocyte transfer and ICSI allow production of foals from mares that cannot provide an embryo by standard embryo-transfer procedures. For the equine practitioner, application of ART ...