Embryo transfer is a multi-step process that involves the production and collection of preimplantation embryos from genetically superior females (called donors) and the subsequent transfer of the harvested embryos into reproductively healthy females (called recipients) for the purpose of establishing pregnancies and producing live offspring. The first successful embryo transfer in mammals was p...

A human being is made up of two living cells: the egg and sperm, which pass torch life to next generation. After zygote, fertilized undergoes a series mitotic divisions. First division into cells called blastomeres, then four 64 are morula stage. Five days after fertilization, embryo reaches blastocyst This attaching itself uterine wall for implantation. Implantation complete when fully embedde...

BACKGROUND The ability to cryopreserve mammalian embryos has become an integral part of assisted reproduction, both in human and veterinary medicine. Despite differences in the size and physiological characteristics of embryos from various species, the embryos have been frozen by either of two procedures: slow freezing or vitrification. The aim of our study was to compare the effect of slow fre...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine whether the integrity rate of pronuclei, after cryopreservation of pronuclear zygotes, could be a predictor of future embryo development and implantation. METHODS Two-pronuclei stage zygotes (n = 862) were cryopreserved by aseptic rapid freezing in 15% ethylene glycol + 15% DMSO + 0.2 M sucrose with a 4-step exposure in 12% (v:v), 25, 50 and 100...

Background: Success in assisted reproductive techniques is raising hope for many infertile couples, but as in these techniques many embryos are made, there is no choice other than cryopreservation of the not-transferred embryos. Along with development of these techniques, the number of In-vitro made embryos is rising and the number of transferred embryos is decreasing to prevent multiple gestat...

After the first successful application of vitrification for embryo cryopreservation 15 years ago, a rapid application of the method in domestic animal embryology was presumed. However, although the advantages of vitrification (simplicity, cost efficiency, speed of the procedure) were widely acknowledged, its use has been mainly restricted to experimental studies. For commercial embryo transfer ...

BACKGROUND Ovarian aging and cytotoxic treatments are the most common causes for fertility loss in women. With increasing numbers of young female survivors following cytotoxic cancer treatments, the issue of fertility preservation has assumed greater importance. METHODS We review the literature on the causes of female fertility loss as well as the recent advances in fertility preservation opt...

BACKGROUND Management of established severe OHSS requires prolonged hospitalization, occasionally in intensive care units, accompanied by multiple ascites punctures, correction of intravascular fluid volume and electrolyte imbalance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether it is feasible to manage women with severe OHSS as outpatients by treating them with GnRH antagonists in the l...