Polarization gating is a popular technique in biomedical optics. It is widely used to inspect the surface of the tissues (under colinear or cocircular detection) or instead to probe the volume (cross-linear detection), without information on the probed depth. Elliptical polarization is introduced to explore the possibility of probing diffuse tissues at selective depths. A thorough Monte Carlo s...

An integral equation formulation describing the scattered field from a distribution of optically small Rayleigh objects of arbitrary shape adsorbed onto a planar dielectric substrate is presented. When certain approximations are introduced concerning the scatterers’ permittivity contrast and small size compared to the wavelength, simple closed-form expressions are obtained for the ellipticity r...

Linear elliptic problems in bounded domains are normally solvable with a finite-dimensional kernel and a finite codimension of the image, that is, satisfy the Fredholm property, if the ellipticity condition, the condition of proper ellipticity and the Lopatinskii condition are satisfied. In the case of unbounded domains these conditions are not sufficient any more. The necessary and sufficient ...

The classical result by Itô on the existence of strong solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with Lipschitz coefficients can be extended to the case where the drift is only measurable and bounded. These generalizations are based on techniques presented by Zvonkin and Veretennikov, which rely on the uniform ellipticity of the diffusion coefficient. In this paper we study the case...

We report detailed measurements of the cross-polarized radiation from lens-coupled terahertz dipole antennas, of the sort commonly used in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. We compare two different antenna geometries and measure both polarization components as a function of emission angle. The qualitative features of these patterns are not specific to one particular emitter geometry but appea...

We present an analytic expression for the axis ratio distributions of triaxial dark matter halos. The ellipticity of a dark halo develops as a consequence of the filamentary nature of the cosmic web induced by the initial coherent tidal interactions. Adopting the picture, we derive both the minor-to-major and the conditional intermediate-to-major axis ratio distributions, and examine how they d...

The sub-cycle dynamics of electrons driven by strong laser fields is central to the emerging field of attosecond science. We demonstrate how the dynamics can be probed through high-order harmonic generation, where different trajectories leading to the same harmonic order are initiated at different times, thereby probing different field strengths. We find large differences between the trajectori...