Tuberculous pericarditis is a rare disease in developed countries. The diagnosis is difficult to set since there are no robust rapid tests, and culture of pericardial fluid for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is often negative. T-SPOT.TB, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) test, measures the gamma interferon response of lymphocytes against tuberculosis antigens and can be performed on blood and b...

Introduction One of the major deficiencies of all current T cell assays (tetramer, ICS, ELISPOT, proliferation) is that they frequently produce false-negative data. This is the case, for example when one attempts to detect the antigen-specific T cells months or years after vaccinations, for example with tetanus toxoid (TT). While the antigen-specific memory T cells are clearly present in the te...

Introduction In each human donor’s PBMC, there is a defined number of T cells specific for any given antigen. A major goal of immune monitoring with ELISPOT is to measure this number accurately and reproducibly between different laboratories. In ELISPOT assays, cytokine spots produced by antigen-specific T cells show a broad spectrum of sizes and densities over variable background. Therefore, e...

Introduction ELISPOT is the only technique currently available that permits to enumerate antigen-specific B cells providing insights into humoral immune defense. Resting memory B cells can be detected in blood samples after polyclonal stimulation. In contrast, the spontaneous production of immunoglobulins (Ig) by B cells in freshly-isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) signifies re...

Tuberculous meningitis and meningoencephalitis are rare and dangerous complications of infections with mycobacteria-complex. Usually these are complications of systemic florid infection with Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis. They are most often seen in immune compromised patients. The confirmation of diagnosis can be elaborate and delayed due to long-term culture requirements for M. tuberculosis...

EO2401 is a therapeutic vaccine designed to activate memory commensal-specific T cells cross-reacting with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). includes synthetically produced HLA-A2 peptides molecular mimicry TAAs (IL13Rα2, BIRC5 and FOXM1) upregulated in glioblastoma, the CD4 helper peptide UCP2. Patients glioblastoma at first progression after radiotherapy/temozolomide received (300μg/peptide, ...