A model of xylem conduit function was applied to gymnosperm tracheids with torus-margo pit membranes for comparison with angiosperm vessels. Tracheids from 17 gymnosperm tree species with circular bordered pits and air-seed pressures from 0.8 to 11.8 MPa were analyzed. Tracheids were more reinforced against implosion than vessels, consistent with their double function in transport and support. ...

BACKGROUND In the available literature, the problem of pH and conductivity in FED is evaluated separately, and limited mainly to the final purity of the synthesized polymer. In this study data from conductivity and pH measurements were evaluated in the context of the structure of the macromolecule. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the conductivity and pH of dispersions of nanos...

Soil thermal conductivity determines how a soil warms or cools with exchange of energy by conduction, convection, and radiation. The ability to monitor soil thermal conductivity is an important tool in managing the soil temperature regime to affect seed germination and crop growth. In this study, the temperature-by-time data was obtained using a single probe device to determine the soil thermal...

Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) attempts to provide conductivity images of an electrically conducting object with a high spatial resolution. When we inject current into the object, it produces internal distributions of current density and magnetic flux density. By using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner, we can measure B(z) data where z is the direction of th...

This paper presents a measurement method for determining effective conductivity of copper-clad dielectric laminate substrates in the millimeter-wave region. The conductivity is indirectly evaluated from measured resonant frequencies and unloaded Q values of a number of Whispering Gallery modes excited in a circular disk sample, which consists of a copper-clad dielectric substrate with a large d...

PURPOSE This study shows the potential of magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) as a non-invasive RF ablation monitoring technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prepared bovine muscle tissue with a pair of needle electrodes for RF ablation, a temperature sensor, and two pairs of surface electrodes for conductivity image reconstructions. We used the injected current non-linear...

Background: The thermal conductivity of fluids can be calculated by several computational methods. However, these methods are reliable only at the confined levels of density, and there is no specific computational method for calculating thermal conductivity in the wide ranges of density. Methods: In this paper, two methods, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach and a computational method ...

Laboratory measurements of the effects of steam injection on the electrical conductivity of sands can aid in the interpretation of electrical surveys used to monitor subsurface steam-injection projects. The effect of variations in injected steam quality was measured in the experiments presented here. The injection of low-quality steam, boiled from a 0.01 mol/L NaCl solution, into clean sand sat...

Although sweat conductivity values are well matched with chloride concentrations for cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis, sweat conductivity is not accepted as a definitive diagnostic tool but only a screening method. The aim of this study was to compare the sweat chloride measurements and sweat conductivity values of our patients, and to determine cut-off values of conductivity for making or exclud...

Cation substitutional doping is an effective approach to modifying the electronic and thermal transports in Bi₂Te₃-based thermoelectric alloys. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the electrical and thermal conductivities of polycrystalline Pb-doped p-type bulk Bi0.48Sb1.52Te₃. Pb doping significantly increased the electrical conductivity up to ~2700 S/cm at x = 0.02 in Bi0.48-xPbxSb1.5...