Rodent cells are notable for their inability to support normal assembly of HIV particles. In this report, we address possible causes for this defect by considering the hypothesis that mRNA-associated events occurring in the nucleus can regulate the activity of their encoded proteins in the cytoplasm. We show that altering the RNA nuclear export element used by HIV gag-pol mRNA from the Rev resp...

The efficient export of the Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) is known to be SecB dependent, whereas ribose-binding protein (RBP) export is SecB independent. When the MBP and RBP signal peptides were exchanged precisely at the signal peptidase processing sites, the resultant RBP-MBP and MBP-RBP hybrid proteins both were efficiently exported in SecB+ cells. However, only MBP-RBP was...

Transduction of developmental and environmental cues into the nucleus to induce transcription and the export of RNAs to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) play pivotal roles in regulation of gene expression. The process of bulk export of mRNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm is highly conserved across eukaryotes. Assembly of export-competent mRNA ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) is coupled ...

Electricity security, generally referring to a system’s capability to provide electricity to its users, is a multi-faceted problem attracting mounting attention from policy makers and scientists around the world. Electricity security encompasses largely different properties based upon the time/geographical scales of the factors affecting electricity delivery; it is challenged by threats surfaci...

Electricity is unique among the alternative fuels in a low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) policy, in that demand from vehicles is the major barrier to its usage, not supply. This paper presents a policy discussion and policy recommendations on a number of topics related to the regulation and incentives for fuel electricity within the LCFS. In the near-term, the LCFS will have a limited role in inc...