Chronic nicotinic acid (NA) ingestion effectively lowers lipid levels, but adverse effects on glucose metabolism have been reported. Our goal was to investigate acute and chronic effects of NA on lipolysis and glucose metabolism in women. Healthy normolipidemic volunteers (n = 5) were studied twice; four-day hospital stays were separated by 1 mo, during which time subjects took increasing doses...

To examine the molecular mechanisms by which plasma amino acid elevation impairs insulin action, we studied seven healthy men twice in random order during infusion of an amino acid mixture or saline (total plasma amino acid approximately 6 vs. approximately 2 mmol/l). Somatostatin-insulin-glucose clamps created conditions of low peripheral hyperinsulinemia ( approximately 100 pmol/l, 0-180 min)...

To understand the risk of hypoglycemia associated with urinary glucose excretion (UGE) induced by sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors, it is necessary to know the relationship between the ratio of contribution of SGLT2 vs. SGLT1 to renal glucose reabsorption (RGR) and the glycemic levels in vivo. To examine the contributions of SGLT2 and SGLT1 in normal rats, we compared the RGR inhi...

To investigate the effect of elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations on splanchnic glucose uptake (SGU), we measured SGU in nine healthy subjects (age, 44 +/- 4 yr; body mass index, 27.4 +/- 1.2 kg/m(2); fasting plasma glucose, 5.2 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) during an Intralipid-heparin (LIP) infusion and during a saline (Sal) infusion. SGU was estimated by the oral glucose load (OGL)-insulin...

This RFC is the specification of the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). This document updates RFCs 827 and 888. This RFC specifies a standard for the DARPA community. Interactions between gateways of different autonomous systems in the ARPA-Internet must follow this protocol.

List of Abbreviations: EGP: Epidermal Growth Factor; FBS: Fetal Bovine Serum; FGF-2: Fibroblast Growth Factor-2; HGF-1: Hepatocyte Growth Factor-1; HSCs: Hematopoietic Stem Cells; IGF-1: Insulin-like Growth Factor; IL: Interleukin; MSCs: Mesenchymal Stem Cells; PBSCs: Peripheral Blood Stem Cells; PDGF: Platelet Derived Growth Factor; PRP: Platelet Rich Plasma; TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor-...

We showed previously that rats on a free-choice high-fat, high-sugar (fcHFHS) diet become rapidly obese and develop glucose intolerance within a week. Interestingly, neither rats on a free-choice high-fat diet (fcHF), although equally obese and hyperphagic, nor rats on a free-choice high-sugar (fcHS) diet consuming more sugar water, develop glucose intolerance. Here, we investigate whether chan...

Cersosimo, Eugenio, Irina N. Zaitseva, and Mohamed Ajmal. Effects of b-adrenergic blockade on hepatic and renal glucose production during hypoglycemia in conscious dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (Endocrinol. Metab. 38): E792–E797, 1998.—To investigate the role of b-adrenergic mechanisms in the counterregulatory response of the liver and kidney to hypoglycemia, we studied 10 dogs before and after a 2...

The mechanisms that mediate the tightly controlled production and clearance of glucose during muscular work are unclear, and it has been suggested that an unidentified "work factor" exists that influences the contraction-induced increase in endogenous glucose production (EGP). The cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is released from skeletal muscle during contraction. Here we show that IL-6 contributes...

Prolonged infusions of lipid and heparin that achieve high physiological free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations inhibit hepatic (and peripheral) insulin sensitivity in humans. These infusions are composed largely of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; linoleic and linolenic). It is not known whether fatty acid composition per se affects hepatic glucose metabolism in humans. To address this issue, ...