Organ transplantation appears today to be the best alternative to replace the loss of vital organs induced by various diseases. Transplants can, however, also be rejected by the recipient. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and the cells/molecules involved in acute and chronic rejections. T cells and B cells mainly control the antigen-specific rejection and act either as e...

Legionella causes severe pneumonia in humans. The pathogen produces an array of effectors, which interfere with host cell functions. Among them are the glucosyltransferases Lgt1, Lgt2 and Lgt3 from L. pneumophila. Lgt1 and Lgt2 are produced predominately in the post-exponential phase of bacterial growth, while synthesis of Lgt3 is induced mainly in the lag-phase before intracellular replication...

Although much is known about the initiation of immune responses, much less is known about what controls the effector phase. CD8(+) T cell responses are believed to be programmed in lymph nodes during priming without any further contribution by dendritic cells (DCs) and Ag. In this study, we report the requirement for DCs, Ag, and CD28 costimulation during the effector phase of the CD8(+) T cell...

Effectors are molecules used by microbial pathogens to facilitate infection via effector-triggered susceptibility or tissue necrosis in their host. Much research has been focussed on the identification and elucidating the function of fungal effectors during plant pathogenesis. By comparison, knowledge of how phytopathogenic fungi regulate the expression of effector genes has been lagging. Sever...

Type VI secretion systems (T6SS) function to deliver lethal payloads into target cells. Many studies have shown that protection against a single, lethal T6SS effector protein requires a cognate antidote immunity protein, both of which are often encoded together in a two-gene operon. The T6SS and an effector-immunity pair is sufficient for both killing and immunity. HereIn this paper we describe...

IL-2 provides a memory differentiation signal to CD8+ T cells during the primary response that impacts the ability of the subsequent memory pool to mount a successful recall response. In this study, we find that although primary effector CTL development is modestly decreased in the absence of IL-2, the persistence of short-term and long-term effector memory CD8+ T cells on pathogen clearance is...

In order to control cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs), it is necessary keep all cable tensions within (positive) known limits during motion. For CDPRs having more cables than end-effector degrees of freedom, a feasible force distribution should be computed beforehand. This paper aims at evaluating how tension error in one affects the overall other cables, by focusing on planar overconstraine...

The proposed study focuses on the inverse and forward kinematic analysis of a novel 6-DOF parallel manipulator with circular guide. In comparison known schemes such manipulators, structure one excludes collision carriages when they move along This is achieved by using cranks (links that provide an unlimited rotational angle) in chains. this case, all drives stay fixed base. provides analytical ...

Aiming at the problems that tomatoes are fragile and traditional end-effector design is not suitable for tomato picking, a combination of bionic principle FRE structure finger was proposed. Based on physical properties tomatoes, flexible underactuated picking sorting designed. The optimal structural parameters fingers were determined by finite element analysis, grasping experiment carried out. ...

The automated installation of hi-lok nuts by the robot is an effective way to replace tedious manual labor. For this purpose, appropriate end-effector needs be designed carry out feeding, alignment and fastening tasks. According process nuts, a motor driven tool with two parts: front nut runner rear driving shaft. task modeled based on force balances in screwing action, which present can rotate...