in more recent years, it has become increasingly recognized that r&d; (research and development) is a key driver of economic growth, a source of innovation and change, and as such stimulates improvements in productivity and economic competitiveness. it is closely associated with knowledge and flexibility, two factors that have gained new significance as a source of competitiveness in an increas...

O ne of the effective strategies for economic development of clusters is the conduct of networking activities by cluster members. Indeed, the majority of cluster members are micro and small enterprises, so, should attempt to overcome their inherent constraints and influence the market through networking activities. In addition, these enterprises lack an intra-firm research and develo...

This research uses the production function theoretical framework and an extensive, exchangelevel database on telephone usage and infrastructure, employment and population, to clarify the relationships between rural economic activities and telecommunications. Relationships are estimated through regression analysis, linking telephone usage, measured in aggregate conversation seconds, by each of e...

In the early 2000s, the term ‘two-sided network’ has been coined to describe a form of organizing economic activities related to novel uses of information technology. While it is evident that two-sided networks make use of the novel possibilities of information technologies to organize economic activities, they have not yet been studied from an institutional perspective to shed light on the nat...

Economic activities continue to cause considerable environmental damage. The extent of damage could be such that the environment in and around our planet will affected, making survival difficult for human beings, other animals, plants insects. paper reviews economic developments from nineteenth century how these have been influenced by orthodox theories. Markets are central economics, policies ...