Osmanlı fetih politikası gereği fethedilen bölgelerde tam bir hakimiyet sağlandıktan sonra toprakların kimlere hangi koşulda tahsis edildiği belirlenerek tahrir işlemi gerçekleşrilirdi. Rumeli’nin fethiyle birlikte ele geçirilen bölgeler gerek fethe katılan askeri sınıfa gerekse görevi karşılığında maaş olarak belli şahısların tasarrufuna bırakılmıştır. Toprakların tasarruf usulü, vergiye dahil...

Nearly two weeks after the close of the Toronto Hearings on the 10th anniversary of 9/11, a small group gathered for a lunch meeting at Al Madina Egyptian restaurant across the street from the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It is the favorite meeting place of our 9/11 activist host, Egyptian-born Dr. Mohamed Elmasry , as well as a favorite among students and employees at ...

On January 28, 2011, Egypt’s President, Hosni Mubarak, took the drastic and unprecedented step of shutting off the Internet for five days across an entire nation. His reason for doing so was simple: to halt the flow of communication and coordinated assembly taking place over social media platforms, like Facebook and Twitter. That Mubarak took this desperate step — which cost Egypt an estimated ...

Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly is perhaps Butler’s most relevant work for geographers, urbanists, and scholars of social movements. Drawing from contemporary popular uprisings, assemblies and occupations–including Occupy Wall Street, Tahrir Square, Gezi Park, Black Lives Matter and the Indignados–Butler engages with political philosophers ranging from Arendt to Agamben to Adorno...

The current paper describes and illustrates three things: (a) sampling variance and confidence intervals for Cronbach’s Alpha, (b) the relative precision of reliability estimates from local studies and meta-analyses, and (c) how to blend the local and metaanalytic information to create an optimal local reliability estimate according to Bayesian principles. The paper is not about artifact correc...

Teaching plays a very important role in our society, by spreading human knowledge and educating our next generations. A good teacher will select appropriate teaching materials, impact suitable methodologies, and set up targeted examinations, according to the learning behaviors of the students. In the field of artificial intelligence, however, one has not fully explored the role of teaching, and...