Apomorphine, now established as an efficacious therapy for refractory motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease, has a long and chequered history in medical and veterinary therapeutics. The preclinical in vivo pharmacological effects of apomorphine were first studied about 150 years ago following which the drug was introduced for the treatment of behavioural vices in domesticat...

The suspected presence of hereditary disease in important historical and political figures has interested researchers for many decades. Whether Abraham Lincoln suffered from Marfan syndrome, if George III became 'mad' because he inherited variegate porphyria, and if the Romanov dynasty collapsed because the heir Alexei inherited haemophilia are important questions; physical illness can adversel...

A classic offers us a multitude of possibilities for interpretation. The Laozi (老子), some­ times also titled Dao De Jing (道德經), is no doubt one of the most influential and con­ troversial philosophical Chinese classics, and it has inspired numerous annotations and interpretations ever since pre-Qin times (221 B.C.–206 B.C.). This paper aims to analyse the interpretation and annotation of the La...