reliable stress-strain behavior of concrete is necessary particularly when a member is subjected to combine bending and axial load and confinement effects should be accounted for. a unified theory for confinement of circular hollow sections is proposed herein, that can be extended to the case of solid and noncircular sections. the main aim of the model is to trace step-by-step the evolution of ...

This paper presents a Java-Powered Virtual Laboratories (VL) which has been developed to provide a means for on-line interactive structural dynamics experiments for undergraduate and graduate education. This VL intends to provide a conceptual and practical understanding of a wide range of topics related to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data from dynamic testing, including sens...

In this paper a novel method is proposed for construction of an exponential observer for nonlinear system. The presented method is based on direct solution of dynamic error without any linearzing of nonlinear terms. Necessary and sufficient conditions for construction of direct observer are presented. Stability of the observer is checked using Lyapunov theorem. Also the ability of this observer...