Abstract All companies strive for sustainable growth and performance, a complex task in volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous (VUCA) environment, with evolving legislation transforming the roles responsibilities of leaders, while being closely watched by investors. Besides ongoing effect Fourth Industrial Revolution, 2020 multidimensional crisis challenged worldwide status quo many respects, ...

This paper develops an analysis of budget deficit financing in termsof a crowding out or crowding in effect on the activity of the privatesector for the economies of Iran and Algeria as two MENA countries,(because of its economic structures (dependence on oil revenue)) duringthe period 1970-2012 by using Cointegration and Vector ErrorCorrection approaches. The analysis confirms the existence of...