Escherichia coli group 1 K antigens form a tightly associated capsule structure on the cell surface. Although the general features of the early steps in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis have been described, little is known about the later stages that culminate in assembly of a capsular structure on the cell surface. Group 1 capsule biosynthesis gene clusters (cps) in E. coli and Klebsiella ...

Aeromonas hydrophila secretes a number of degradative enzymes and toxins into the external milieu via the type II secretory pathway or secreton. ExeA is an essential component of this system and is necessary for the localization and/or multimerization of the secretin ExeD. ExeA contains two sequence motifs characteristic of the Walker superfamily of ATPases. Previous examination of substitution...

Cell-penetrating peptides and proteins (CPPs) are important tools for the delivery of impermeable molecules into living mammalian cells. To enable these cells to internalize proteins fused to common oligohistidine affinity tags, we synthesized an artificial cell surface receptor comprising an N-alkyl derivative of 3beta-cholesterylamine linked to the metal chelator nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). ...

authors identified a tyrosinase-like enzyme, NspF, that was homologous to tyrosinaselike GriF in grixazone biosynthesis. Tyrosinases contain a binuclear copper cluster and have known functions as monoand diphenol oxidases (for example, in melanin production), in keeping with the elucidated role of GriF. However, because a traditional N-oxidase was absent from the 4,3-HNBAm gene cluster, the aut...

For a brief period, discourses of feminism were brought into discussions the British royal family through figure Meghan Markle. Such conjuncture demands closer look at monarchy's relationship to feminism. This article considers ‘feminist princess’ in context an inherently antifeminist institution and alongside deeply ‘wayward prince’ - both specifically case sexual abuse accusations against Pri...

This essay explores the intersection of republican and nationalist ideas in Marlowe’s Elizabethan history play Edward II. I read less terms recent dominant readings: that is, focussing on same-sex relation between King his ‘minion’ Gaveston. Instead, focus play’s critique Edward’s authoritarian arbitrary rule, a monarchy informed by proto-republican ideology nascent nationalism. also considers ...

The mid-sixteenth century saw dramatic transformations in the image of the Russian monarchy. In 1547 Ivan IV the Terrible (1530–84) adopted a new title, that of tsar. Powerful images of the tsar and his realm also appeared in Russian works of art, architectural monuments, literary texts and court rituals. The historian David Miller sees court art and ritual as attempts to build a new national p...

Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) is produced by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae and has the ability to reversibly alter intestinal epithelial tight junctions, allowing the passage of macromolecules through the mucosal barrier. In the present study, we investigated whether Zot could be exploited to deliver soluble antigens through the nasal mucosa for the induction of antigen-specific systemic ...