Scintillations on VHF radio signal are sparsely observed during daytime due to unavailability of strong electron density irregularities in equatorial E or F region. Type I/II irregularities observed at E region altitudes during the daytime are linked with either two-stream or gradient drift instability. The occurrence of these irregularities in presence of strong blanketing Es (Esb) can produce...

[1] At 2.7 million years ago the warm equable climates of early and ‘‘middle’’ Pliocene time (used here to mean from 5 to 2.7 Ma) were replaced by recurring ice ages. Most attempts to explain the change appeal either to changes in CO2 in the atmosphere or reduced heat transport by the Atlantic Ocean. The sources of the strongest teleconnections in the current climate, however, lie in the tropic...

PURPOSE To determine the lateralizing value of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) recorded during overnight sleep-EEG studies in temporal lobe epilepsy. Because IEDs are more prevalent in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep than in wakefulness, overnight sleep-EEG recordings may contribute additional lateralizing information to the epilepsy surgery evaluation beyond daytime EEGs. METHO...

Coccidiodomycosis (valley fever) is a systemic infection caused by inhalation of airborne spores from Coccidioides immitis, a soil-dwelling fungus found in the southwestern United States, parts of Mexico, and Central and South America. Dust storms help disperse C. immitis so risk factors for valley fever include conditions favorable for fungal growth (moist, warm soil) and for aeolian soil eros...

[1] The processes that determine which areas are strong sources of mineral aerosols are not well known. In this study we consider the role of ephemeral lakes in modulating emissions of atmospheric mineral aerosols. We focus on two ephemeral lake regions that have been identified as source regions: the zone of Chotts in Tunisia and Algeria, and Etosha Pan in Namibia. Comparisons of satellite ret...

Abstract Previous analyses of the possibility global breadbasket failures have extrapolated risks based on historical relationships between climate and yields. However, change is causing unprecedented events globally, which could exceed critical thresholds reduce yields, even if there no precedent. This means that we are likely underestimating to our food system. In case wheat, parts USA China ...

During the Northern hemisphere winter season, biomass burning is widespread in West Africa, yet the total tropospheric column ozone values (<30 DU) over much of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (15 N–5 S) are relatively low. At the same time, the tropospheric column ozone values in the Southern Tropical Atlantic are higher than those in the Northern Hemisphere (ozone paradox). We examine the causes ...

An assessment on the scientific impact of random errors in wind direction (< 45°) retrieved from space-based observations under weak wind (< 7 m/s) conditions was made. Half of the winds over global oceans are below 7 m/s, in their long-term averages, and these weak winds cover most of the tropical, subtropical , and coastal oceans. Introduction of these errors in the semi-daily winds causes, o...

Tropical rainforests in Africa are one of the most under-researched regions in the world, but research in the Amazonian rainforest suggests potential vulnerability to climate change. Using the large ensemble of Atmosphere-only general circulation model (AGCM) simulations within the weather@home project, statistics of precipitation in the dry season of the Congo Basin rainforest are analysed. By...