years. however, the nature and initial factors associated with this serious health problem have not been studied yet. methods: to understand this issue, a cross-sectional study was conducted and sixty treatment and nontreatment seekers who met the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed., text revision (dsm.iv-tr) criteria for drug dependence with mean age of 28.7 (± 8.3) ...

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objective: although sodium valproate came to the market as an anticonvulsant drug, nowadays it's wildly used in the management of psychiatric disorders. it is used as a mood stabilizer and as an adjunctive agent in treatment of depression and psychosis. there are controversies regarding sodium valproate efficacy in psychosis. although some studies have reported that it is effective in the ...

childhood constipation is ofton a long_term problem requiring treatment over months or years. there is no single treatment metod for constipation and many children do not respond and continue to have chronic problems. treatment is consisted of: disimpaction,drug adminstration , diet modilation, and behaverial therapy. it is necessary in all cases that not responding to conventional therapy, un ...

in the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. in this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. however, no positive results obtain...

Childhood constipation is ofton a long_term problem requiring treatment over months or years. There is no single treatment metod for constipation and many children do not respond and continue to have chronic problems. Treatment is consisted of: Disimpaction,Drug adminstration , Diet modilation, and behaverial therapy. It is necessary in all cases that not responding to conventional therapy, un ...